Compare Risks

Comparative Risk-Cost-Benefit Study of Alternative Sources of Electrical Energy, Report WASH-1224, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1974 Nucl Sa 17(2), 171 (1976). 

People will tolerate a greater level of risk if the threat is one they specifically have chosen to accept (mountain climbing, flying, etc.). Individuals reject comparable risk if the risks are imposed upon them (e.g., a landfill springing up in a hitherto vacant lot beside a house). 

Fullwood and Erdman, 1983 circumvent this problem by comparing risk as cubes in which linear dimensions are the cube root of the volume/risk. Figure 1.4.3-5 compares the risks associated with nuclear fuel reprocessing, refabrication and waste disposal with nonnuclear risks. 

Thomas, K., 1981, Comparative Risk Perception How the Public Perceives the Risks and Benefits of Energy Systems in The Assessment and Perception of Risk, Royal Society, Gordon pp 35-50. 

Use of absolute risk estimates (i.e., comparison against a target risk value) is more sensitive to uncertainty than is relative use (i.e., risk ranking) (Ref. 4). The reason for this is that, with relative applications, the same methodology and assumptions are usually used to evaluate the various alternatives. As a result, comparative risk estimates are subject to similar uncertainties. 

In order to achieve that an environmental fate model is successfully applied in a screening level risk assessment and ultimately incorporated into the decisionmaking tools, the model should have computational efficiency and modest data input. Moreover, the model should incorporate all relevant compartments and all sources of contamination and should consider the most important mechanisms of fate and transport. Although spatial models describe the environment more accurately, such models are difficult to apply because they require a large amount of input data (e.g., detailed terrain parameters, meteorological data, turbulence characteristics and other related parameters). Therefore, MCMs are more practical, especially for long-term environmental impact evaluation, because of their modest data requirements and relatively simple yet comprehensive model structure. In addition, MCMs are also widely used for the comparative risk assessment of new and existing chemicals [28-33]. 

In order to obtain a comparable risk for the error of second kind (a = P 0.05), a definition of the limit of detection has to consider confidence... 

Avoiding one risk may create a new risk net risk is always a consideration. Thus, the risk assessment analyses trade-off in risk, compares risk levels, and evaluates cost-effectiveness of risk reduction alternatives. 

Comparative risk reduction, in nuclear power facilities, 17 539-542 Comparative tracking index (CTI) technique, 19 587... 

The Log-Rank Test provides a method for comparing risk-adjusted event rates, useful when test subjects in a study are subject to varying degrees of opportunity to experience the event. Such situations arise frequently in toxicology studies due to the finite duration of the study, early termination of the animal or interruption of treatment before the event occurs. 

New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. (2003). Final Report of the New Jersey comparative risk project, Draft report. Trenton, NJ. 

Decision-makers have sometimes found presentations of comparative risk information a useful aid to the public discourse on risk acceptance. We referred in an earlier section, for example, to the OSHA s use of statistics on the risks of job-related accidents to support decisions... 

Substitution in 98/8/EC is maintained indirectly though the application of comparative risk assessment, which is mandated in Article 10 of the directive. In order to include active substances in Annex I, lA or IB, several requirements have to be fulfilled. For example, active substances cannot be incorporated in the list if they are carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic for reproduction, sensitising or bioaccumulative. 

Hypothesis (7) The diffusion of innovative solutions can be accelerated into a comparative risk evaluation between manufacturers and users by agreement on simple and transparent methods. 

Sanner et al. (2001) have evaluated the proposed T25 method by comparing risk estimates obtained with this method to those obtained by using the LMS method (Section 6.3.1) as well as the LEDio method proposed by the US-EPA in 1996 (Section 6.3.2). The comparisons included both genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens, as the main purpose was to compare the methods when the same data set was used, as well as to evaluate the possible effects of different shapes of the dose-response curves. 

In a somewhat arcane context. Chapman and Morrison, in the scientific journal Nature, have provided a list of comparative risks of death in the United States (Table 15.4) from a number of causes. The purpose of their paper was to assess the hazard of an asteroid or comet impact on the earth. Such an event does not immediately come to mind when considering the safety of medicines, but according to their estimates the chances of being killed by an asteroid/comet impact are about the same as dying in an air accident, which... 

Limited excretion data are available in humans receiving 2-hexanone via inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure, in dogs via inhalation exposure, and in rats via oral exposure (DiVincenzo et al. 1977, 1978). However, human data on excretion of 2-hexanone via feces are not available, and the available information in dogs concerns excretion via exhaled breath only. In these and any other studies, information on all routes of excretion would help to evaluate the potential for 2-hexanone clearance in the exposed species. Excretion data in rats receiving 2-hexanone via inhalation and dermal application and in other species receiving 2-hexanone via all three routes would be useful for comparison with the human data and to assess the comparative risks of exposure by each route. In addition, information on excretion rates in each species via each route would be helpful in understanding how long 2-hexanone and its metabolites may persist in the body. 

Trials of cisplatin-based chemoradiation have not yet demonstrated any dramatic increase in the incidence of major late complications with the addition of concurrent cisplatin. However, most of these trials did not have sufficiently mature follow-up at the time of publication to permit full evaluation of the comparative risks. Thomas et al. (35) reported a significantly higher rate of serious late bowel complications in patients who received mitomycin with or without fluorouracil than in patients who received fluorouracil alone (p = 0.004). However, Roberts etal. (27) have not yet reported an increased rate of late complications with chemotherapy in their Venezuelan study of radiation alone vs radiation plus mitomycin C and fluorouracil. Long-term follow-up of the randomized trials will be needed to improve our understanding of the influence of concurrent chemotherapy on late complications. 

The broader conceptualisation and identification of hazard and risk to determine comparative risk and benefit. 

As anxiolytics, benzodiazepines have faster onset of effect than SSRIs or antipsychotics. Their use is best limited to short-term situations, although there are likely to be comparable risks of dependence in these populations from all major classes of drugs. 

A CTSA uses information modules to develop as complete and systematic a picture as possible of the comparative risk, competitiveness (i.e., performance, cost, etc.), and resource conservation of the substitutes in a use cluster. An information module is a standard analysis or set of data designed to build on or feed into other information modules to form an overall assessment of the substitutes. 

Homstein, Donald T. 1992. Reclaiming Enviroranental Law A Normative Critique of Comparative Risk Analysis. Columbia Law Review 92 (April) 562-633. 

In addition to ionizing radiation, other forms of radiation and other physical and chemical agents have also been evaluated by NCRP with respect to their potential health impacts, comparative risks, and protection criteria. Furthermore, because radiation in combination with other physical and chemical agents may exert additive, synergistic, or even antagonistic effects, NCRP has concerned itself increasingly with... 

Study Group on Comparative Risk Ad Hoc Group on Video Display Iferminals Ibsk Force on Occupational Exposure Levels... 

This Report was prq>ared by NCRP s Thsk Group on the Comparative Carcinogenicity of Pollutant Chemicals, under the Study Group on Comparative Risk. Serving on the Thsk Group were ... 

Sendng on the Study Group on Comparative Risk were ... 

After risks have been estimated, available information must be integrated and interpreted to form conclusions about risks to the assessment endpoints. Risk descriptions include an evaluation of the lines of evidence supporting or refuting the risk estimate(s) and an interpretation of the adverse effects on the assessment end point. Confidence in the conclusions of a risk assessment may be increased by using several lines of evidence to interpret and compare risk estimates. These lines of evidence may be derived from different sources or by different techniques relevant to adverse effects on the assessment end points, such as quotient estimates, modeling results, field experiments,... 

Powell NB, Schechtman KB, Riley RW, Li K, Troell R, Guilleminault C. The road to danger the comparative risks of driving while sleepy. Laryngoscope 2001 111 887-893. 

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