Commonly used materials of construction

The US trade names and codes are given by Perry et al. (1997). A comprehensive review of the engineering materials used for chemical and process plant can be found in the book by Evans (1974). 

The US trade names and codes are given by Perry and Green (1984). A comprehensive review of the engineering materials used for chemical and process plant can be found in the books by Evans (1974), Hepner (1962) and Rumford (1954). Hepner s book is a collection of articles previously published in the journal Chemical and Process Engineering, in the period 1960 to 1961. The articles cover the complete range of materials used for process plant. 

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The intensity of seismic motion that can be tolerated by various kinds of structures must be established before acceptable charge weights at various distances can be determined. Obviously, the level of motion required to damage a structure depends upon its construction. For example, a steel-framed warehouse can tolerate a more. intense seismic wave than a residential structure with plaster walls. Because plaster is the weakest of the most commonly used materials of construction, and because of the prevalence of such structures, most damage criteria are based oh this type of structure... 

Whilst carbon and stainless steels are commonly used materials of construction, increasing use is being made of non-metallic and rubber lined equipment. The selection of the material of construction should take into account the cases of the worst process conditions that may occur under foreseeable conditions and should be applied to all components including valves, pipe fittings, instruments and gauges. Both composition (e.g., chlorides, moisture) and temperature deviations can have a significant direct effect on the rate of corrosion. The operator should demonstrate that procedures are in place to ensure that potential deviations in process conditions such as fluid temperature, pressure and composition are identified and assessed in relation to the selection of materials of construction for piping systems. 

The facilities engineer must consider the materials used to construct the wetted parts of the unit operations used to treat the waste. The goal is to select a cost-effective material that will not degrade in the presence of the waste stream to be treated. In general, the most commonly used materials of construction for the unit operations are 316or316L stainless steel. However, if chlorides, fluorides, and other halogens are present in the CMP chemistry, it may be necessary to consider nickel, titanium, Hastelloy, or other high-performance metals. 

This is a huge general category of materials, which includes both thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers. Tabular data on the corrosion resistance of these materials in a wide range of environments are available from a variety of sources. Commonly used materials of construction in the CPI include polyvinyl chloride (PVC and CPVC), polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), fiberglass composite materials, and a variety of epoxies used for coatings or adhesives. 

In the manufacture of fine chemicals, SS-304/SS-316/SS-316L is a commonly used material of constructions. For other duties, special materials such as SS-304 ELC, glass lined, fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), graphite, etc. may be required to counter... 

Tooling. Forming operates primarily under the force of gravity and low-pressnre vacnnm, so structural requirements for molds are minimal. Because the plastic is kept below its melting point, cooling requirements are also minimal or nonexistent. Wood is a commonly used material of construction for forming, while higher performance molds can be constracted from nickel-coated epoxy or from electroformed nickel shells. 

The designer of an evaporator system must have a fundamental knowledge of the properties and applications of common materials of construction and of the corrosive effects of common chemicals. He must also be familiar with the basic standards and practices for using materials of construction. This basic knowledge should enable the designer to ... 

Carbon steel is the most widely used material of construction. It is the primary material of choice for bridges, towers, various types of structures, and other types of outdoor constructions. In nature, iron is found in the form of various oxides, which are used as ores for refining to make steel. Steels in atmospheric service therefore tend to return to their oxide form by the process known as rusting. The rusting of steel is the most common form of corrosion that the general public sees, but it is very complex, having over a dozen variables determining the rate of corrosion. Water is the most common corrosive solvent. 

Materials of Construction The most common material of construction for heat exchangers is carbon steel. Stainless-steel construction throughout is sometimes used in chemical-plant service and on rare occasions in petroleum refining. Many exchangers are constructed from dissimilar metals. Such combinations are functioning satisfactorily in certain sei vices. Extreme care in their selection is required since electrolytic attack can develop. 

Environmental Requirements Vlost large modern transfer stations are enclosed and are constructed of materials that can be maintained and cleaned easily. For direct-discharge transfer stations with open loading areas, special attention must be giv en to the problem of blowing papers. Windscreens or other barriers are commonly used. Regardless of type, the station should be designed and constructed so that all accessible areas where rubbish or paper can accumulate are eliminated. 

Packing comes in many forms, sizes, and materials of construction in order to meet all the needs of industry. And there are specific styles of packings to satisfy specific needs. The most common fibers used in the construction of packings include Asbestos, Linen, Ramey, Jute, Cotton, Paper, Wool, Hair, Nylon, Rayon, Teflon, Fiberglass, Carbon... 

The gas is essentially inert to common materials of construction such as stainless steel under normal conditions of use. Platinum and gold are also not attacked by pure hydrogen chloride. 

Materials of construction are aluminium fins on stainless steel tube for ammonia, or aluminium or copper fins on aluminium or copper tube for the halocarbons. Aluminium tube is not yet common, but its use is expected to increase. 

Raw materials and auxiliary products used in a process as well as materials of construction for equipment items can be the eause of scale-up effects . Pure raw and auxiliary materials must be used in laboratory studies to eliminate the influence of impurities on the ehoice of the process route, catalyst selection, and search for satisfactory process conditions. However, pure chemicals are usually too expensive to use for manufacture on a commercial scale. It is common practice to use raw materials of technical grade in a full-scale plant. These materials contain impurities, which can act as catalysts or inhibitors. They can react with reactants or intermediates, thereby decreasing yields and selectivities of desired produets. Therefore, raw materials of technical grade, even from different suppliers must first be tested on laboratory scale. 

The resistance of some commonly used materials to a range of chemicals is shown in Appendix C. More comprehensive corrosion data, covering most of the materials used in the construction of process plant, in a wide range of corrosive media, are given by, Rabald (1968), NACE (1974), Hamner (1974), Perry el al. (1997) and Schweitzer (1976) (1989) (1998). 

Below-grade walls may be constructed of poured concrete, masonry blocks, or other materials such as all-weather wood or stone. This chapter discusses details for use of poured concrete and masonry foundation because these are the materials most commonly used for new construction. Recently, trade associations such as American Plywood Association (APA) and the National Forest Products Association (NFoPA) have issued publications on designing radon resistance permanent wood foundations. Information on these types of foundations can be found by contacting the appropriate trade association.21... 

At the request of an international petroleum company, a major manufacturer and supplier of down-hole equipment performed tests of the various elastomers commonly used in the construction of packers and other oil field tools. Seven of the nine most commonly used thermoplastic materials were found to be completely inert to TKPP solutions. The test included continual immersion in saturated TKPP for 21 days at 280°F. Only two elastomers, Vi-ton and Fluorel, showed any adverse reaction. O-rings made from these two elastomers showed minor cracking at the termination of the test. A listing of the elastomers that tested inert to TKPP solutions include nitrile, saturated nitrile (HNBR), Aflas, Kalrez, PEEK, Glass-filled Teflon, and Ryton. Several of these elastomers are attacked or degraded by conventional clear completion fluids containing calcium and zinc halides. The inertness of commonly employed elastomers to TKPP is an important advantage for TKPP fluids in normal operations. 

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