Commercialization licenses

Commercial plants Fourteen commercial licenses are in place. 

Another search method involves the use of the Web of Science, a commercially licensed website (http //webofscience.com) maintained by the Institute for Scientific Information. This website provides access to the Science Citation Index Expanded, which allows... 

Whereas most patent sequences are available in the public domain for use in research and for commercial exdoitation, there is a substantial body that are the subject of patent protection. It is often useful when conducting searches of sequence databases to be aware of the sequences that are patented because this may imply certain restrictions on the use to which these sequences can be put in a commercial context. The commercial repository is maintained by Derwent (Thomson Scientific), which generates the Geneseq database of patented sequences. This is a useful collectionbe-cause it contains a broad historical collection as well as more recent examples, although the terms for a commercial license to use the database may be off-putting to some potential users. There are also patent sections of Gen-Bank/EMBL DNA databases too. but these are of limited value because they contain only more recent sequence data. 

Since, for secrecy reasons, information on new processes and the state of their development is not always published, or only after long delays, the classification applied or recent developments may be misleading. For example, the potential of phase-transfer catalyzed processes may already be more important than the present literature indicates. The same statement could apply for areas such as amidocarbonylation, the synthesis of fine chemicals by means of metallocenes, the reductive/oxidative carbonylation of aromatic amines or nitro derivatives, Heck coupling using palladacycles and heterocyclic carbene complexes, catalytic McMurry coupling, or other proposed methods. Recent developments must therefore leave open the stage of development reached, perhaps signaling that at the time of publication no commercialized, licensable process is yet known to the scientific community. 

The Database of Interacting Proteins (DIP) [Salwinski et al. 2004] encompasses protein-protein interaction data. DIP started life as an academic project, but since 2001 has been generally available under commercial license. 

Unless it receives a request for an exclusive license, PHS tries to negotiate nonexclusive commercialization licenses for inventions developed in its laboratories. Under such an agreement, PHS can license a single invention to more than one party. For both exclusive and nonexclusive licenses, PHS has developed a model agreement that is the basis for negotiations between it and the potential licensee. 

GTOFF currentiy runs under three Unix variants, Solaris, AIX, and Linux. A non-commercial license for unsupported usage is available by contacting the first author. 

Commercial plants One commercial license. Licensor GTC Technology - CONTACT... 

Commercial plants Twenty-five commercial licenses of new and revamp units. 

The issue begins with an article by Ittel, Johnson, and Brookhart on late metal catalysts for ethylene homo- and copolymerization. They detail the newest generation of catalysts to be commercially licensed. Alt and Koppl then introduce ethylene and propylene polymerization by metallocene catalysts. Structure-performance relationships for unbridged and bridged... 

In this environment, little incentive existed for the rapid incorporation of academic discoveries into the commercial world of drug discovery. In 1980 the federal government held about 28,000 patents, most of them arising from discoveries made by agency-funded academics, but fewer than 5% of them were commercially licensed. One reason for this was that the law required that all such licenses be non-exclusive. If Company A took out a license to practice such an invention, its competitor, Company B could just come along and do the same. So there was less incentive to license a potentially useful invention and lock out the competition. Other disincentives existed as well. 

Vaccination against any of the typhus fevers is not required by any country as a condition for entry. Although experimental vaccines have been developed for the typhus fevers, no commercially licensed vaccines are produced presently in the United States. 

In the United States, due to its toxicity, paraquat is available for use only by commercially licensed users. 

Fig. 8.11 Distribution of silver nanoparticle size in 10 mM citrate/90 mM KCl detected by (a) APC and (b) NT A. The individual Gaussian distributions for nanoparticle monomers filled square), dimers (open square), trimers filled circle), tetramers open circle), pentamers filled triangle) and hexamers open triangle) are overlaid to achieve the overall data fit continuous line). Reproduced from reference (55). Copyright 2013. The Authors. ChemistryOpen published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim. This is an open-access article tmder the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes...

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