Combustible components

The combustible components of the gas are carbon monoxide and hydrogen, but combustion (heat) value varies because of dilution with carbon dioxide and with nitrogen. The gas has a low flame temperature unless the combustion air is strongly preheated. Its use has been limited essentially to steel (qv) mills, where it is produced as a by-product of blast furnaces. A common choice of equipment for the smaller gas producers is the WeUman-Galusha unit because of its long history of successful operation (21). 

Typical proximate-analysis data for the combustible components of industrial and municipal sohd wastes are presented in Table 25-52. 

A widely used system for the control of organic gaseous emissions is oxidation of the combustible components to water and carbon dioxide. 

Dissected Number Mixture Combustible Components Species % Inert Components C02,% N2,% Total, % Ratio of Inert to Combustible Lower Limit % Upper Limit % Source of Limit... 

This example illustrates how to calculate the MESG for a gas-vapor mixture using the original Le Chatelier rule, which includes only the MESG values of the combustible components, and the modified Le Chatelier rule (proposed in NFPA 497), which includes inert gases as well. 

According to Krowicki et al (Refs la 5), a typical composite pro pint compn consists of a combustible component amounting to (on a wt basis) 10.5%, contg (by wt)... 

When an ignition source is brought into contact with a flammable gas or mixture of gases, a combustion chemical reaction will occur at the point of introduction provided an oxidizer is present, normally oxygen. The combustion components are commonly referred to as a simple fire triangle ... 

A test method (ASTM D5291) is available for simultaneous determination of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in petroleum products and lubricants. There are at least three instrumental techniques available for this analysis, each based on different chemical principles. However, all involve sample combustion, components separation, and final detection. 

Combustible surfaces Combustible components Interior protection and all exterior surfaces... 

Wang, L.K. McGinnis, W.C. Wang, M.H.S. Ana/yjA and Formulation of Combustible Components in Wasted Rubber Tires U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service Springfield, VA, 1985 Report No. PB86-169281/AS, 1985 39 p. 

Since nitric acid, especially red fuming nitric acid RFNA which contains a small amount of nitrogen oxides, reacts vigorously with aromatic amines, during World War II the Germans employed solutions of these amines (e.g. aniline or phenylenediamine) in benzene or xylene as the combustible component. They added a small amount of ferric chloride as a reaction catalyst to the nitric acid. It was also shown that the addition of vinyl ethers to amine solutions reduces the induction period. 

They employed 96.5% nitric acid or an acid containing 22% of N204 and 1% of water. The experiments indicated that mercaptans could be used as the combustible component in nitric acid hypergols. 

In addition to the foregoing tests they examined the possibility of using liquid ammonia with an admixture of 9 or 14% hydrazine as a combustible component in a mixture with nitric acid containing 24% N204. The induction period was 14 or 6-10 millisec, respectively. 

It has been suggested that powdered metals, e.g. aluminium should be added to the combustible component in the form of a suspension. Stettbacher [57], for example, suggested the following equation for the combustion of a mixture of petrol with aluminium suspended in it in stoichiometric proportions ... 

Ammonium perchlorate is used as a component of perchlorate high explosives. Lately it has been brought into prominence as a constituent of solid rocket fuels, the combustible components of which include such polymers as thiokol and methyl polymethacrylate (Vol. III). Hence a considerable interest has recently been taken in ammonium perchlorate. 

I was once working in a refinery that could not meet the flash-point specification for its diesel product. Flash point is the temperature at which a hydrocarbon will ignite, when exposed to an open flame. To raise the flash point of diesel oil, it is steam-stripped, to remove the lighter, more combustible components. I noticed that I could drain water from the bottom of the steam supply line to the diesel-oil stripper. I then screwed a steam trap, on to the i/4-in drain valve, on the steam supply line. The stripper bottoms temperature increased by 35°F, and the flash temperature of the diesel product increased from 120 to 175°F,... 

NFPA 285 Standard Method of Test for the Evaluation of Flammability Characteristics of Exterior Nonload-Bearing Wall Assemblies Containing Combustible Components Using the Intermediate-Scale, Multistory Test Apparatus... 

Generation of combustible vapors is a hazard not only for the storage of pure flammable liquids but also for the storage of any sludge or mixture where a combustible component is present or can be produced by reaction. Sludge (slop tanks) and mixture (e.g., oil/water) tanks may be particularly vulnerable because they are sometimes open to the air explosive atmospheres may form inside and outside the tank. Facilities may not always recognize the hazard. In addition, even tanks appearing to be empty may pose a hazard if they still contain combustible vapors. 

In these explosives, the main oxidizer is sodium, potassium, or ammonium perchlorate the combustible components consist of organic nitro compounds, hydrocarbons, waxes, and other carbon carriers. Nowadays, these explosives are uneconomical and are no longer industrially produced. 

In the same way, small metallic parts embedded in electric isolating plastic materials will be pulled up to high voltages if they are blown up by rapidly streaming mixtures of air with combustible components (or without such components, but then the discharge of the stored electric charge will affect nothing). 

REVERSE-methane A process for producing high-temperature heat from exhaust gases containing small concentrations of combustible components (e.g., methane in coal mine exhaust gases). Combustion takes place in a fixed catalytic bed in which the flow is periodically reversed. 

Kauffman et al. (1994) estimated the fuel loads along a vegetation gradient from campo limpo to cerrado sensu stricto near Brasilia. In the cerrado only 27% of the fuel load of 10 Mg ha" was comprised of graminoids the remainder was deadwood and leaf litter. They estimated the nutrient pools in combustible components in the cerrado sensu stricto to be 54.7 kg ha" N, 13.8 kg ha K, 3-5 kg ha P, and 30.5 kg ha" Ca. They concluded that the total biomass of the herbaceous layer of the cerrados was similar to that of other savanna ecosystems. The authors concluded that any loss of N due to fire was negligible compared to the N pool in the soil. Biological N fixation and precipitation inputs would compensate for such losses. Similarly, precipitation inputs would compensate for the loss of P, K and Ca (Schiavini 1983, Coutinho 1979, Pivello-... 

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