Colorectal cancer carcinoembryonic antigen

Carcinoembryonic antigen A protein normally seen during fetal development. When carcinoembryonic antigen is elevated in adults it suggests the presence of colorectal and other cancers. The normal level in nonsmokers is about less than 2.5 ng/mL, but it can be elevated in smokers and other nonmalignant conditions such as pancreatitis. 

Baseline laboratory tests should include complete blood cell count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, liver and renal function tests, and serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Serum CEA can serve as a marker for monitoring colorectal cancer response to treatment, but it is too insensitive and nonspecific to be used as a screening test for early-stage colorectal cancer. 

J3. Jessup, J. M., and Thomas, P. C., Carcinoembryonic antigen Function in metastasis by human colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 8, 263-280 (1989). 

Behr T, Becker W, Hannappel E, Goldenberg DM, Wolf F.Targeting of liver metas-tases of colorectal cancer with IgG,F(ab )2, and Fab anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibodies labeled with 99mTc the role of metabolism and kinetics. Cancer Res 1995 55 5777s-85s. 

The oncolytic viruses include adenovirus, measles, reovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV),HSV,poxvirus, and vaccinia. Specific examples include (1) ONYX-015, which is an adenoviral oncolytic virus, administered to patients with liver metastases of colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer [29], (2) Reolysin, which is an oncolytic reovirus administered to patients with glioma [30], and (3) MV-CEA, which is an oncolytic measles virus expressing carcinoembryonic antigen, administered to patients with ovarian cancer [31]. Some oncolytic viruses are wild type and are apparently not pathogenic in humans, such as the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), which is an RNA avian paramyxovirus. PV701, a naturally attenuated, replication-competent strain of NDV, has been administered to patients with advanced solid tumors [32], The applicability of oncolytic viruses as a therapy for clinical oncology trials is due to their potential selectivity the ability to kill tumor cells but not normal cells. However, the level of attenuation of viral replication in normal cells is limited for most oncolytic vectors. 

CEA-scan [Arcitumomab murine mAb fragment (Fab), directed against human carcinoembryonic antigen] Immunomedics detection of recurrent/ metastatic colorectal cancer 1996 (US and EU)... 

Liu A, Chu DZ, et al. A phase I trial of Y-anti-carcinoembryonic antigen chimeric T84.66 radioimmunotherapy with 5-fluoroura-cil in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2003 9 5842-5852. 

Duffy, M.J. (2001) Carcinoembryonic antigen as a marker for colorectal cancer is it clinically useful , Clin Chem 47, 624-630. 

A2. Akashi, A., Komuta, K., Haraguchi, M., Ueda, T., Okudaira, S., Furui, J., et al., Carcinoembryonic antigen mRNA in the mesenteric vein is not a predictor of hepatic metastasis in patients with resectable colorectal cancer A long-term study. Dis. Colon Rectum 46, 1653-1658 (2003). 

B5. Bustin, S. A., Siddiqi, S., Ahmed, S., Hands, R., and Dorudi, S., Quantification of cytokeratin 20, carcinoembryonic antigen, and guanylyl cyclase C mRNA levels in lymph nodes may not predict treatment failure in colorectal cancer patients. Int. J. Cancer 108, 412-417 (2004). 

T., et al.. Real-time PCR (TaqMan PCR) quantification of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mRNA in the peripheral blood of colorectal cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 23, 1271-1276 (2003). 

Taniguchi, T., Makino, M., Suzuki, K., and Kaibara, N., Prognostic significance of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen mRNA levels in tumor drainage blood and peripheral blood of patients with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 89, 970-976 (2000). 

W4. Wong, I. H., Yeo, W., Chan, A. T., and Johnson, P. J., Quantitative relationship of the circulating tumor burden assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for cytokeratin 19 mRNA in peripheral blood of colorectal cancer patients with Dukes stage, serum carcinoembryonic antigen level, and tumor progression. Cancer Lett. 162, 65-73 (2001). 

Futamura, M., Takagi, Y., Koumura, H. et al. (1998) Spread of colorectal cancer micrometastases in regional lymph nodes by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reactions for carcinoembryonic antigen and CK20. 

Quantification of cytokeratin 20, carcinoembryonic antigen and guanylyl cyclase C mRNA levels in lymph nodes may not predict treatment failure in colorectal cancer patients. Int J Cancer, 108, 412 17. 

Arcitumomab CEA-Scan Murine Carcinoembryonic antigen Imaging colorectal cancer Immunomedics... 

One of the features that makes urinary DiAcSpm a particularly attractive candidate for use as a tumor marker is that the DiAcSpm level is more frequently elevated in patients in the early stages of colorectal and breast cancer compared to other tumor markers (Hiramatsu et al. 2005 Umemori et al. 2010 Nakayama et al. 2012). For instance, the level of DiAcSpm in the urine is higher than normal in 60 % of early colorectal cancers (i.e., those that are still restricted to the mucosal layers), whereas carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is elevated in only 10 % of these patients (Hiramatsu et al. 2005). A tumor marker that facilitates the detection of cancer at early clinical stages is valuable because it enables timely treatment. Importantly, more than 90 % of patients with stage 0 and I colorectal cancer may be cured of disease with proper treatment. 

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