Description of task

TABLE 3 Description of Tasks in the Distributed Manufacturing Case... 

Detailed description of task Detailed description of task (when difficult to verbalize task knowledge)... 

Postdevelopment Analyzing well-defined tasks performed by an operational system provides a detailed description of task procedures and resource requirements that can be used to improve task performance and the system design. For example, Rogers et al. (2001) were able to reveal many sources of errors and design recommendations from their task analysis of a consumer blood glucose meter. Suri (2000) used task and user analyses of an existing defibrillator to identify errors and safety concerns, and as a basis for a new design. 

Tailored from Human Factors Briefing Note Nr 12, The Institute of Petroleum, London, 2003. Kirwan and Ainsworth (1992) provide an exhaustive description of task analysis techniques. 

Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) (Aimett, J., Duncan 1967) is a process for developing a description of tasks in terms of operations (things people do to reach goals) and plans (statements of conditions that tell when each operation is to be carried out). HTA has been mostly used for the design of training. Its merit is mainly the clear representation technique. HTA is cinrently supported by a software www.taskarchitect.com... 

This section concerns the possible contribution of hypermedia techniques aimed at designing industrial imagery. In order to meet the requirements of the imagery design, we present our first reflections based on the use of structured objects, and hypermedia and AI techniques. This is mainly related to the computerized checking off and description of tasks, the definition of the different displays, the definition of representation modes, and finally the graphical creation and animation of displays. 

Can hypertext type techniques make easier the characteristic description of tasks and their chainings, according to the principle presented in Fig. 3, and this in order to help the ergonomist make these computerized census and description ... 

Task analysis Description of task and understanding of the system by analyst. 

We perform a measurement of the time duration of each task for quantitative analysis (see table 2 for description of tasks), as well as a post-test questionnaire for qualitative analysis. All tests were recorded with a video camera and the subjects knew this. This was to ensure we captured detailed information in case we noticed some unusual data or comments from the participants. 

The SOW is that portion of a contract which establishes and defines all nonspecification requirements for contractor s efforts either directly or with the use of specific cited documents. The initial SOW is generally a detailed list or description of what the government wants in a product. The final SOW is a contractor s response detailing how the contractor will answer the government solicitation it provides a detailed list and description of tasks and activities that will be performed during the acquisition development process. 

This section will therefore focus on the aims and tasks of data mining and refer to the methods where applicable. A thorough description of data mining is given in Ref. [20]. 

A familiar feature of the electronic theory is the classification of substituents, in terms of the inductive and conjugative or resonance effects, which it provides. Examples from substituents discussed in this book are given in table 7.2. The effects upon orientation and reactivity indicated are only the dominant ones, and one of our tasks is to examine in closer detail how descriptions of substituent effects of this kind meet the facts of nitration. In general, such descriptions find wide acceptance, the more so since they are now known to correspond to parallel descriptions in terms of molecular orbital theory ( 7.2.2, 7.2.3). Only in respect of the interpretation to be placed upon the inductive effect is there still serious disagreement. It will be seen that recent results of nitration studies have produced evidence on this point ( 9.1.1). 

Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) with ionophore-based membranes allow for quantification of a large number of analytes in various matrixes. Tailoring of the composition of the membranes to comply with the analytical task, requires advanced theory of membrane response. Most of theoretical descriptions include nonrealistic extra-thermodynamic assumptions, in the first place it is assumed that some kind of species strongly predominate in membranes. Ideally, a rigorous theory of ISE response should be based on strict thermodynamics. However, real ISE membranes are too complex. Therefore, known attempts aimed at rigorous thermodynamic description of ISEs proved to be fraritless. 

Each binary fork is attached to a branch of the preceding fork and is conditioned by the success or failure represented by that branch. Thus, evei7 fork, represents conditional probability. Each limb of the HRA event tree is described or labeled, in shorthand. Capital letters (A) represent I ailure lower case letters (a) represent success. The same convention applies to Greek letters, which represent non-human error events, such as equipment failures. The letters S and F are exceptions to this rule in that they represent system success and failure respectively, in practice, the limbs may be labeled with a short description of the error lo eliminate the need for a legend. The labeling format is unimportant the critical task in developing HRA event trees is the definition of the events themselves and their translation to the trees. 

A PSA analyst is usually interested in determining the probability of error for a task first case, no HRA ev ent tree is needed unless performance on that task is affected by other factors whose probabilities should be diagramed. A description of the ta.sk and knowledge of the performance-shaping factors are sufficient to determine the probability of a single human error. 

The reason for an Exposition is so that there is a description of the system showing how it works and how it controls the achievement of quality. This is different from the policies and procedures. The policies are a guide to action and decision and as such are prescriptive. The procedures are the methods to be used to carry out certain tasks and as such are task related. They need to be relatively simple and concise. A car maintenance manual, for example, tells you how to maintain the car but not how the car works. Some requirements, such as those on traceability and identification, cannot be implemented by specific procedures although you can have specific policies covering such topics. There is no sequence of tasks you can perform to achieve traceability and identification. These requirements tend to be implemented as elements of many procedures which when taken as a whole achieve the traceability and identification requirements. In order that you can demonstrate achievement of such requirements and educate your staff, a description of the system rather than a separate procedure would be an advantage. The Exposition can be structured around the requirements of ISO/TS 16949 and other governing standards. It is a guide or reference document and not auditable. 

Job and task analysis. This involves applying techniques such as hierarchical task analysis (see Chapter 4) to provide a comprehensive description of the work for which training is required. The task analysis provides essential information on the content of training. 

The third category of methods addressed in this chapter are error analysis and reduction methodologies. Error analysis techniques can either be applied in a proactive or retrospective mode. In the proactive mode they are used to predict possible errors when tasks are being analyzed during chemical process quantitative risk assessment and design evaluations. When applied retrospectively, they are used to identify the underlying causes of errors giving rise to accidents. Very often the distinction between task analysis and error analysis is blurred, since the process of error analysis always has to proceed from a comprehensive description of a task, usually derived from a task analysis. 

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