Cobalt history

Occurrence of Cobalt—History—Preparation—Pyrophoric Cobalt—Physioal Properties—Ooelusion of Hydrogen—Chomioal Properties—Atomic-Weight —Uses -Electro-deposition—Alloys. 

Properties Cobalt History Sources Properties Uses. Copper History Properties Sources Uses Silver History Sources Properties Uses Gold History Sources Properties Uses Zinc History Sources Properties Uses Mercury History Uses Boron History Sources Properties Uses... 

The addition of oxides to ceramic bodies and to glasses to produce color has been known since antiquity (2). The use of iron and copper oxides predates recorded history. Cobalt was introduced into Chinese porcelain about 700 AD. Chromium compounds have been used since 1800 AD. 

One-dimensional complexes, 6,134 One-dimensional conductors, 6,134 One-dimensional metals Krogmann salts, 6, 136 Optical isomerism cobalt ammines, 1,12 history, 1,180... 

Trace metals, such as copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc, and various rare earth elements, tend to coprecipitate with or adsorb onto Fe-Mn oxides. As shown in Table 18.1, this causes these elements to be highly enriched in the hydrogenous deposits as compared to their concentrations in seawater. The degree of enrichment is dependent on various environmental factors, such as the redox history of the underlying sediments and hydrothermal activity. This makes the composition of the oxides geographically variable. 

ORIGIN OF NAME Cobalt was given the name kobolds (or kolalds, or kololos) by German miners. It means "goblin" (see "History" for more on this story). 

Torbem Olof Bergman, 1735-1784. Swedish chemist, pharmacist, and physicist. He was among the first to investigate the compounds of manganese, cobalt, nickel, tungsten, and molybdenum. He was an immediate forerunner of Haiiy in the history of theoretical crystallography (68). 

Because of the importance of the promotion effect and because many of the central questions surrounding TMS catalysis are about promotion, it is valuable to review a history of the effect. The first reference to a catalyst based on molybdenum and cobalt sulfides capable of desulfurizing coal oils in the presence of hydrogen was a patent from I. G. Farben Industrie dated May 24, 1928 (5). Before this, M. Pier and his team at BASF (1924-1925)... 

The ion-exchange reaction of the synthetic zeolites NaX and NaY with cobalt, zinc and nickel ions is shown to be non-stoichiometric at low bivalent-ion occupancy, the hydrolytic sodium loss being about twice as large for NaX ( 5 ions/unit cell) as for NaY. The effect is more pronounced at high temperatures and disappears at high occupancies. Reversibility tests in NaX toward zinc and cobalt ions, as studied by a temperature-variation method, show the temperature history to be an important factor in the irreversibility characteristics. The low-temperature partial irreversibility, induced by a high-temperature treatment (45°C) is interpreted in terms of a temperature-dependent occupancy of the small-cage sites by divalent cations, which become irreversibly blocked at low temperature (5°C). 

The most important point is the effect of thermal history upon the equilibrium level of cobalt and zinc ions in solution. Within experimental error, the results obtained with the 45 °C—two day systems are identical to the 45°C systems which had received a prior one-day treatment at 5°C. The duration of the experiments has very little effect upon the equilibrium distribution, as evidenced by the fact that the results obtained by longterm equilibrations at both temperatures and for both ions were nearly identical to those shown in Table III. Most important however is the finding that the equilibrium levels of cobalt and zinc at 5°C are significantly higher than these which are obtained after a 45°C treatment. This indicates that the 5°C distribution over the various possible sites, as induced by a 45°C pretreatment, differs from the normal low-temperature distribution in that a significant portion of the adsorbed bivalent ions which participate in the 45°C equilibrium no longer do so at 5°C. In other words, when returned to 5°C, part of the solid-phase metal ions appear irreversibly sequestered in sites where they are out of reach at low temperature. 

CRYSTAL PHASES (a-, f, y, tj, etc.). Certain alloy systems may form different crystal structures, according to the relative proportions of the constituents, e.g., Cu-Zn. for which no less than five different phases are known. In many cases, the same crystal structure occurs with quite different constituent metals, so that it is often possible to use one expression such, for example, as 0-phase, to cover a wide variety of compounds all having the same basic structure. This effect is explained hy the Hume-Rother rules. Pure substances, as well as alloys, may exhibit more than one crystal structure, depending on temperature and past history, e.g.. cobalt, iron, titanium. 

Studies of complexes involving cobalt have a long history a report by Hieber in 1942 (34) described the syntheses of [E Co(CO)4 3] (24, E = Ga 25, E = In 26, E = Tl) from the respective Group 13 metal, cobalt metal, and CO under high pressures. Later work by Graham (5J) described the syntheses... 

The transition metal cobalt has its own artistic history it is used to give a deep blue or sometimes green color to pottery and glass. Anyone who has played with a toy chemistry set has probably made invisible ink, another unusual cobalt product. Invisible ink is made from a compound of cobalt and chlorine. Dissolved in a mixture of water and a common liquid called glycerine, the ink becomes colorless. When a message written in the ink is heated, the water and glycerine break away from the... 

History.—Alloys containing nickel and copper have been known and used for several thousand years as witnessed by the existence of ancient currency dating back several centuries before the birth of Christ. Nevertheless, nickel itself was not recognised or isolated as a separate entity until Cronsted, about a.d. 1750, showed that niccolite or kupfernickel, obtained from a cobalt mine in Sweden, contained a new metal. A few years later he succeeded in isolating this metal in an impure form and termed it nickel. The word nickel is equivalent to goblin or devil, and the term kupfernickel was one of... 

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