Chinese porcelain

The addition of oxides to ceramic bodies and to glasses to produce color has been known since antiquity (2). The use of iron and copper oxides predates recorded history. Cobalt was introduced into Chinese porcelain about 700 AD. Chromium compounds have been used since 1800 AD. 

Figure 4.9 Possible mineralogical constitution of Jingdezhen porcelain bodies. Average composition of four types of raw material are marked (Pa, Pk, Ka, Kk), and the approximate compositions of Chinese porcelains from four periods 1 = predominantly 10th to 12th Century AD 2 = 12th to 13th Century AD 3 = predominantly 14th Century AD 4 = post-17th Century AD. (From Pollard and Wood, 1986 Figure 10.7, with permission of Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press.)...

Pollard, A.M. and Wood, N. (1986). Development of Chinese porcelain technology at Jingdezhen. In Proceedings of the 24th International Archaeometry Symposium, ed. Olin, J.S. and Blackman, M.J., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, pp. 105-114. 

Intercalation in layered solids is a long-established phenomenon. It has been suggested [ 1 ] that the first example, dating from over two thousand years ago, involved intercalation in kaolinite (an aluminosilicate clay) and explains the secret behind the production of fine Chinese porcelain, hi modern times, many thousands of papers have been devoted to intercalation chemistry in clays, graphite and other materials. 

From the time that they first appeared in Europe during the sixteenth century, Chinese porcelain objets d art were highly prized. Porcelain was far harder than any other ceramic material, and it exhibited a translucence that no European pottery could match. The first porcelain pieces to arrive in Europe inevitably found their way into the treasuries of European rulers. Then, as the porcelain trade grew, wealthy aristocrats began collecting objects made of the precious material. Europeans potters naturally looked for ways to manufacture porcelain themselves. If they discovered the secret, the profits would be immense. However, the secret of manufacturing porcelain turned out to be as elusive as the secret of the Philosopher s Stone. 

Yap, C. T. and Y. Hua (1994), A study of Chinese porcelain raw materials for Ding, Xing, Gongxian and Dehua Wares, Archaeometry 36, 63-76. 

Once, U.S. President Warren G. Harding lost at cards a Chinese porcelain set owned by the White House in Washington, DC. We hope that our book will cause no similar loss to either the USA or to Russia. 

Mus6e National de C6ramique at Sevres, France. The collection includes examples of early European porcelains including a Medici porcelain bottle made in 1581 the first success in European efforts to produce ware equivalent to Persian and Chinese porcelain. It also contains examples of French soft-paste porcelain as well as earlier ceramics. www.ceramique.conL... 

Similar energy-dispersive methods have been used for authenticating fine Chinese porcelain from the Ming (1348-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties... 

It has been reported that all Chinese porcelains from Kangxi (1662-1722) up to the time of World War II have barium contents in the range 100-130 ppm. After this time the barium content varied from 60 to 700 ppm with only a few pieces in the 100-130 ppm range. It is thus possible to rapidly identify most modem fake reproductions [34]. 

Blanc-de-Chine. White, glazed Chinese porcelain. 

Vitreous ceramics, which derive their name from the Latin word for glass, vitreus, are possibly the oldest and most widely used types of ceramic materials. Marco Polo introduced them in Western Europe in the fourteenth century, and European potters strove for decades to duplicate the quality of the Chinese porcelains. In addition to porcelain they include china, pottery, and brick. Typically, they are made fiom clays such as hydrous aluminosilicate mixed with other inert materials. Ware is formed when the clays are in the wet state, after which they are dried and fired. Various additives are used to provide desired properties. 

Is white porcelain a traditional or an advanced ceramic Considering the Chinese porcelain existence and its industrial production, porcelain should be considered a traditional ceramic however, considering the quest for its use in modern experimental methods, it should be considered an advanced ceramic. 

The arrival of Chinese porcelains of the Yuan period, first on the Islamic markets in the 9 century, then later on the European markets in the wake of the voyages of... 

HAR 97] HARRISON HALL J., Chinese porcelain from Jingdezhen , Pottery in the making, world ceramic traditions. Freestone I, Gaimster D. (ed.), British Museum Press, 1997. 

Soft-paste porcelains differ from the above porcelains by their greater translucidity and lower sintering temperature. Chinese porcelains and porcelains for dental implants belong to this category. English porcelains, known as bone china, constitute a particular class. 

FIGURE 15.4 Johannes Friedrich Bottger (1685-1719). The old secrets of Chinese porcelain were rediscovered by Bdttger. He produced the first unglazed porcelain in 1709 and in the following year the Meissen factory was established. He prepared some of the first gold powders for nse in decoration but died when only... 

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