Cobalt naming

By heating mixtures of cobalt and boron in a current of hydrogen at 1100-1200° C., du Jassoneix 4 has prepared two borides of cobalt, namely, the Sub-boride, CoaB, and the Di-boride, CoB2. The former occurs as brilliant steel-grey needles of density 7-9 at 20° C. These are oxidised by moist air and readily dissolve in nitric acid. The di-boride represents the extreme limit of combination of boron with iron. Evidence of the existence of aMono-boride, CoB, has also been obtained.5... 

The most appropriate position for nickel in the Periodic Table is, as explained in Chapter I, the end of the first horizontal series of triads in Group VIII. An atomic weight greater than that of cobalt, namely, 58-97, but less than that of copper, namely, 63-57, is thus to be expected. 

Co, Rh, Pt, and Ru belong to the group of six transition metals forming the most active oxo catalysts. Today s hydroformylation plants operate exclusively with catalysts based on rhodium or cobalt, namely HCo(CO)4, HCo(CO)3PBu3 and HRh(CO)(PR3)3 [9] (see Section 2.1.1.4). 

A number of other oximes have also been recommended as spectrophotometric reagents for cobalt, namely 2,2 -dipyridylketoxime (e = 2.1 10 at 388 nm) [58], 2-pyridyl-2-thienyl-[l-ketoxime [59], and 2,2-diquinolyl ketoxime (e = 5.3-10 ) [60]. 

Exceptions to the use of the root name of the central atom are antimonate, bismuthate, carbonate, cobaltate, nickelate (or niccolate), nitrate, phosphate, tungstate (or wolframate), and zincate. 

Of the three benzenetricarboxyhc acids, only trimellitic acid as the anhydride is commercially produced in large volume, by Hquid-phase air oxidation of either pseudocumene or dimethyl benzaldehyde. The pseudocumene oxidation is another variant of the cobalt—manganese—bromine catalyst in acetic acid solvent as described in the terephthaUc acid section. The acid is available as a laboratory chemical (99). The lUPAC name of trimellitic anhydride is 5-isobenzofurancarboxyhc acid (l,3-dihydro-l,3-dioxo). 

Polyether Polyols. Polyether polyols are addition products derived from cyclic ethers (Table 4). The alkylene oxide polymerisation is usually initiated by alkah hydroxides, especially potassium hydroxide. In the base-catalysed polymerisation of propylene oxide, some rearrangement occurs to give aHyl alcohol. Further reaction of aHyl alcohol with propylene oxide produces a monofunctional alcohol. Therefore, polyether polyols derived from propylene oxide are not truly diftmctional. By using sine hexacyano cobaltate as catalyst, a more diftmctional polyol is obtained (20). Olin has introduced the diftmctional polyether polyols under the trade name POLY-L. Trichlorobutylene oxide-derived polyether polyols are useful as reactive fire retardants. Poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG) is produced in the acid-catalysed homopolymerisation of tetrahydrofuran. Copolymers derived from tetrahydrofuran and ethylene oxide are also produced. 

Mordant dyes have hydroxy groups in their molecular stmcture that are capable of forming complexes with metals. Although a variety of metals such as iron, copper, aluminum, and cobalt have been used, chromium is most preferable as a mordant. Alizarin or Cl Mordant Red 11 [72 8-0] (1) (Cl 58000), the principal component of the natural dye obtained from madder root, is the most typical mordant dye (see Dyes, natural). The aluminum mordant of alizarin is a well-known dye by the name of Turkey Red and was used to dye cotton and wool with excellent fastness. However, as is the case with many other mordant dyes, it gave way to the vat or the azoic dyes, which are applied by much simpler dyeing procedures. 

Good results are obtained with oxide-coated valve metals as anode materials. These electrically conducting ceramic coatings of p-conducting spinel-ferrite (e.g., cobalt, nickel and lithium ferrites) have very low consumption rates. Lithium ferrite has proved particularly effective because it possesses excellent adhesion on titanium and niobium [26]. In addition, doping the perovskite structure with monovalent lithium ions provides good electrical conductivity for anodic reactions. Anodes produced in this way are distributed under the trade name Lida [27]. The consumption rate in seawater is given as 10 g A ar and in fresh water is... 

Other uses include the manufacture of magnetic alloys. Of these the best known is Alnico , a steel containing, as its name implies, aluminium and nickel, as well as cobalt. It is used for permanent magnets which are up to 25 times more powerful than ordinary steel magnets. 

Cobalt provides only a few examples of this oxidation state, namely some fluoro compounds and mixed metal oxides, whose purity is questionable and, most notably, the thermally stable, brown, tetraalkyl, [Co(l-norbomyl)4]. Prepared by the reaction of C0CI2 and Li(l-norbomyl), it is the only one of a series of such compounds obtained for the first row transition... 

An ionic compound is named with the cation name first, followed by the name of the anion the word ion is omitted in each case. The oxidation number of the cation is given if more than one charge is possible. However, if the cation comes from an element that exists in only one charge state (as listed in Fig. C.6), then the oxidation number is omitted. Typical names include potassium chloride (KC1), a compound containing K+ and Cl" ions and ammonium nitrate (NH4NOs), which contains NH4+ and NO3" ions. The cobalt chloride that contains Co2+ ions (CoCl,) is called cobalt(II) chloride C0CI3 contains Co3+ ions and is called cobalt(III) chloride. 

D.19 You come across some old bottles in a storeroom that are labeled (a) cobaltic oxide monohvdrate, (b) cobaltous hydroxide. Using Appendix 3C as a guide, write their modern names and chemical formulas. 

Sometimes, spin-allowed bands are much weaker than otherwise expected. There can be many reasons for this, most of which require more detailed analysis than we are able to present here. One particular case, however, can be discussed. It is well illustrated by the spectra of octahedral cobalt(ii) species, an example being shown in Fig. 4-5. Three spin-allowed transitions are expected for these d complexes, namely Txg F)- T2g, - see Chapter 3. The bands in Fig. 4-5 are... 

Only one optically active simple organocobalt complex has so far been reported, namely [RCo(DMG)2py], where R is the optically active 1-methylheptyl ligand 55). All cobalt corrinoids, where the ring has been... 

Each element is represented by a unique one- or two-letter symbol. For example, the symbol for hydrogen is H, oxygen s symbol is O, and nitrogen s symbol is N. When two or more elements have names that begin with the same English letter, all but one of the elemental symbols has a second letter. The second letter is always lower case. For example, carbon is C, chlorine is Cl, cobalt is Co, and chromium is Cr. Chemists understand that the symbol for an element represents more than one or two letters. Instead, a chemist sees the symbol Ni and immediately thinks of nickel atoms. 

Cu -> Ni and consequently Pt or Ni II (CO), but this explanation was rather unsatisfying (although widely spread and still being popular). Cobalt caused namely the same kind of effect as Cu and yet it could be hardly suspected of donating electrons to Ni. Indeed, it appeared that the reason for a lower v(VIII grp., CO) value with alloys is simply the dilution of the CO-layer. The following experiments elucidated the problem. 

A large number of Abvar-type alloys of iron, nickel and cobalt of slightly varying compositions are obtainable and are marketed under different manufacturers names. Common examples are Fernico I (54 per cent Fe, 28 per cent Ni, 18 per cent Co), Fernico II (54 per cent Fe, 31 per cent Ni, 15 per cent Co), Nicosel, Telcoseal and Nilo. The last three all have a composition of the order 54 per cent Fe,... 

Since Co is not among the elements that always form ions of the same charge in all of its compounds, the charge must be stated. The name is cobalt(II) chloride. Since Ba is an alkaline earth clement, the charge in its compounds is always 2+, so there is no need to mention the charge in the name. The compound is barium chloride. 

Ans. The three compounds belong to different nomenclature classes. Aluminum in its compounds always forms 3+ ions, and thus there is no need to state 3+ in the name. Cobalt forms 2+ and 33-ions, and we need to designate which of these exists in this compound. PCI, is a binary nonmctal-nonmetal compound, using a prefix to denote the number of chlorine atoms. 

Various other reducing methods are employed for the conversion of (3-nitro alcohols to amino alcohols, namely, electrochemical reduction.107 The selective electrohydrogenation of ni-troaliphatic and nitroaromatic groups in molecules containing other groups that are easy to hydrogenate (triple bond, nitrile, C-I) are carried out in methanol-water solutions at Devarda copper and Raney cobalt electrodes (Eq. 6.55).107... 

The most extensively investigated reagents for the recovery of nickel and cobalt from acidic media have been the organophosphorus acids.220,222,228-234 The commercial and systematic names and the structures of the ligands used have been collected in the table presented earlier (Table 4). 

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