Copper history

Properties Cobalt History Sources Properties Uses. Copper History Properties Sources Uses Silver History Sources Properties Uses Gold History Sources Properties Uses Zinc History Sources Properties Uses Mercury History Uses Boron History Sources Properties Uses... 

Technological History (26,54—61). As a first approach, there are three groups of components supports, paint media, and pigments. The support is the substrate upon which the paint layers are laid down. This can be a specially prepared area on a wall for a wall painting, a wooden panel as in a panel painting, or a fabric in canvas paintings. Paper is a prevalent support in Oriental painting. Other supports are encountered less frequently, eg, metal panels such as copper sheet. 

The addition of oxides to ceramic bodies and to glasses to produce color has been known since antiquity (2). The use of iron and copper oxides predates recorded history. Cobalt was introduced into Chinese porcelain about 700 AD. Chromium compounds have been used since 1800 AD. 

Effect of Thermal History. Many of the impurities present in commercial copper are in concentrations above the soHd solubihty at low (eg, 300°C) temperatures. Other impurities oxidize in oxygen-bearing copper to form stable oxides at lower temperatures. Hence, because the recrystallization kinetics are influenced primarily by solute atoms in the crystal lattice, the recrystallization temperature is extremely dependent on the thermal treatment prior to cold deformation. 

Metal compounds, particularly compounds of the heavy metals, have a history of importance as antimicrobial agents. Because of regulations regarding economic poisons in the environment they are no longer widely used in this appHcation. Mercury, lead, cadmium, uranium, and other metals have been imphcated in cases of poisoning that resulted in government response. The metals whose compounds have been of primary interest as antimicrobials are mercury, silver, and copper. 

Lipson (1943, 1944), who had examined a copper-nickeMron ternary alloy. A few years ago, on an occasion in honour of Mats Hillert, Cahn (1991) mapped out in masterly fashion the history of the spinodal concept and its establishment as a widespread alternative mechanism to classical nucleation in phase transformations, specially of the solid-solid variety. An excellent, up-to-date account of the present status of the theory of spinodal decomposition and its relation to experiment and to other branches of physics is by Binder (1991). The Hillert/Cahn/Hilliard theory has also proved particularly useful to modern polymer physicists concerned with structure control in polymer blends, since that theory was first applied to these materials in 1979 (see outline by Kyu 1993). 

Typical pressure and temperature histories computed are shown in Figs. 6.6 and 6.7. In Figs. 6.6, the pressure is shown as a function of position within the powder compact at various times. For the baratol explosive loading shown, an initial wave, whose pressure is 1.8 GPa, is shown moving slowly from right to left. Upon reflection from the rear interface with the copper, the pressure jumps to a much higher value and then quickly reverberates to a peak pressure of about 11.4 GPa. The shorter reverberation time reflects the higher wavespeed and the major reduction in thickness in the compressed powder. 

The elements are obtainable in a state of very high purity but some of their physical properties are nonetheless variable because of their dependence on mechanical history. Their colours (Cu reddish, Ag white and Au yellow) and sheen are so characteristic that the names of the metals are used to describe them. Gold can also be obtained in red, blue and violet colloidal forms by the addition of vtirious reducing agents to very dilute aqueous solutions of gold(III) chloride. A remarkably stable example is the Purple of Cassius , obtained by using SnCla as reductant, which not only provides a sensitive test for Au but is also used to colour glass and ceramics. Colloidal silver and copper are also obtainable but are less stable. 

Copper, hexakis(pyridine 1-oxide)-diperchlorate structure, 1, 53 Copper, hexakis(2-pyridone)-diperchlorate structure, 1,53 Copper, tetraammine-history, 1, 2... 

Serra A, Guasch H, Corcoll N (2009) Copper accumulation and toxicity in fluvial periphyton the influence of exposure history. Chemosphere 74 633... 

Mention is made of the Code of Hammurabi only to place in human history that period when reference to eye medicines or poultices was beginning to appear. The Sumerians, in southern Mesopotamia, are considered to be the first to record their history, beginning about 3100 B.C. The Egyptians used copper compounds, such as malachite and chrysocalla, as green... 

Herbert, E. W. (1984), Red Gold in Africa Copper in Pre-Colonial History and Culture, Univ. Wisconsin, Madison. 

Oddy, W. A. (1991), Gilding An outline of the technological history of the plating of gold on to silver or copper in the Old World, Endeavour 15, 29-33. 

Wayman, M. L. (1989), Native copper Humanity s introduction to metallurgy , in Wayman, M. L. (ed.), All That Glisters Readings from Metallurgical History, Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Montreal. 

Early in the history of crystal dislocations, the lack of resistance to motion in pure metal-like crystals was provided by the Bragg bubble model, although it was not taken seriously. By adjusting the size of the bubbles in a raft, it was found that the elastic behavior of the raft could be made comparable with that of a selected metal such as copper (Bragg and Lomer, 1949). In such a raft, it was further found that, as expected, the force needed to form a dislocation is large. However, the force needed to move a bubble is too small to measure. 

Schneiderhan, F.J. (1933). The discovery of Bordeaux mixture (three papers) I. Treatment of mildew and rot./ II. Treatment of mildew with copper sulphate and lime mixture./ III. Concerning the history of the treatment of mildew with copper sulphate. By Perre Marie Alexis Millardet 1885 , ATranslation from the French by Felix John Schneiderhan. American Phytopathological Society Phytopathological Classics, 3. 

Metals have characteristics that make them desirable for construction, implements, and ornamental uses such as in jewelry. Metals have been so important that the names Chalcolithic, Bronze, and Iron Age have been applied to epochs of history. Metals have an enduring quality. They are solid, durable, and attractive. The first draft of this passage is being written with a pen made of sterling silver (an alloy consisting of 92.5% silver and 7.5% copper). The lure of metals has drawn adventurers to remote places, and they have been the spoils of war. Their intrinsic value is exemplified by the ornaments we wear and the role of metals in monetary systems. 

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