Coatings continued economics

Modern coatings continue to be developed in response to both economical and ecological pressures. Two promising routes are via aqueous solution/dispersion systems using polymers with carboxyl functionality temporarily neutralized by amines and via high-solids systems where small reactive molecules are applied in high concentrations. 

The cost and economics of cathodic protection depend on a variety of parameters so that general statements on costs are not really possible. In particular, the protection current requirement and the specific electrical resistance of the electrolyte in the surroundings of the object to be protected and the anodes can vary considerably and thus affect the costs. Usually electrochemical protection is particularly economical if the structure can be ensured a long service life, maintained in continuous operation, and if repair costs are very high. As a rough estimate, the installation costs of cathodic protection of uncoated metal structures are about 1 to 2% of the construction costs of the structure, and are 0.1 to 0.2% for coated surfaces. 

In the production of life-science products, adhesives, coatings, fine chemicals, etc., the trend towards small production volumes of application-specific high value products continues, and the time to market and the time in market of the products decrease. Therefore in the production of these chemicals flexibility and cost efficient and timely production of small amounts of material are key factors for economic success. 

Bayer AG has addressed this problem by patenting [152] electrodes fabricated from nickel or coated with nickel [153] having a columnar structure. Since these electrodes are said not to corrode, they allow long-term, continuous fluorination and require lower voltages, making the process more economical. 

Despite the general move towards use of fossil hydrocarbon feedstocks, some plant-derived materials have continued to provide economic or technical benefits that ensure they remain the preferred source of raw materials for industry. For example, cotton still accounts for 38% of all textile production due to its airflow- and temperature-regulating capabilities, which are difficult or costly to replicate with man-made fibres. Linseed oil remains a key feedstock in surface coating and linoleum flooring applications. Plant oils are still widely used in the oleochemicals sector, where coconut and palm oils are widely used in detergent... 

ASSI Frovifors Bruk, Board mill, Frovifors, Sweden In 1991, two CR filters were installed at ASSl Frovifors Bruk board mUl in Frovifors (Sweden) to concentrate and recover the waste latex coating from an air-knife coater. The 50 kg/mol cutoff polysulfone membrane produces a flux of 200 L/(m h). The mUl uses Ti02 pigment, which makes the recovery process extremely economical. The UF operates at a constant concentrate sohds concentration of 20% continuously for 10 days between cleanings [1,130]. When concentrating a standard coating color effluent steady flux of 120 L/(m h) at a coating color concentration of 10%-15% (50 L/(m h) at 40%) is achieved [36]. 

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