Coastal areas

Because of the necessity to comply with national standards for ground-level ozone, some states are planning another phase of more stringent NO emissions limits which may take place in the eady 2000s. These additional post-RACT reductions may affect plants of all sizes and types, but are likely to focus on major sources. The deadline for compliance in the most extreme areas is 2010. For severe nonattainment areas (O levels 0.181—0.280 ppm), including many coastal areas in the Northeast, from northern Virginia to southern Maine, compliance must be achieved by November 2005 to November 2007. Serious ozone nonattainment areas (O levels 0.161—0.180 ppm) are expected to be in compliance by November 1999. Moderate noncompHance areas must comply by November 1996. 

Chlorine plays a less significant role in chemical weathering processes than do sulfur and carbon. Most geochemists beHeve that much, or most, of the chloride in stream water in coastal areas is derived from sea salt that is carried landward or deposited by rainfall. Farther inland, however, a major part of the chloride loads in streams is the result of human activities. 

This is an average value of metal erosion during the length of service and may vary with soil conditions. In coastal areas, for instance, where the subsoil water is saline, erosion of metal would be much more rapid and a further safety factor must be considered. Field experience will be a better guide to assess this. 

The salt content determines the specific electrical conductivity of the water (see Section 2.2.2). In coastal areas this varies according to tide and time of year. The following average values in ohms per centimeter serve as a guide Narvik roadstead, 33 [7] Helgoland, 27 [7] North Sea, 30 Elbe/Cuxhaven, 100 [7] Elbe/ Brunsbuttelkoog, 580 Elbe/Altona, 1200 Liibeck wharf, 75 Antwerp (Quay 271), 120 Rotterdam Botlek, 240 Tokyo Gulf, 25 [8]. 

Area sensed Northern and eastern coastal areas ofi Florida. 

Protects water quality in lakes, rivers, aquifers, and coastal areas by regulating ivastewater discharges monitoring bodies of water, and controlling surface runoff... 

In coastal areas, temperature differences between the land and the water produce air pressure variations, creating sea and lake breezes that are superimposed on the normal winds. These winds vai"y diurnally and as a function of cloudiness. During the daytime, winds blow from the cool sea toward the warm land, while at night the land becomes cooler than the sea surface, and the winds blow from land to sea. 

In coastal areas that have large tides, flowing tidal waters contain large amounts of potential energy. 

Crude oil is processed at oil refineries, generally located around coastal areas, and then transferred to a nationwide network of oil fuel terminals, from where it is distributed to customers. Road delivery vehicles, rail tank wagons or coastal tankers - depending on the location of the customer s storage installation - can make fuel supplies to the customer. 

Most of the published evidence suggests that marine fouling cover— particularly where it is continuous and well established — reduces corrosion rates of steels . Indeed, 35%o seawater is by no means the most corrosive of saline environments towards steel. Brackish water, as found in estuarine or certain other coastal areas, is considerably more aggressive towards steel, and careful design measures should be taken to ensure that effective corrosion control is achieved in such circumstances. 

Painted metal exposed at coastal areas, ports and docks often suffers most from such hazards, which may be aggravated by high levels of u.v. radiation and the erosive action of blowing sand. Such conditions can prevail up to approximately 3 km inland. 

One of the most common impurities in coastal areas which acts in a chemical manner rather than a physical one is salt water. However, with the ever-increasing spread of the chemical industries, and the stepped-up use of gasoline powered vehicles, the problem of chemical degradation are also of interest particularly in inland areas. While plastics in general are corrosion resistant, the multiplicity of chemical agents which can be in the air in industrial atmospheres, plus the chemical nature of the various plastics indicates that it cannot be assumed that all plastics are chemically resistant to all atmospheres. 

A circumnavigation of the world s oceans between 1978-1980 (18), further indicated that broad expanses of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans away from major tanker lanes and shipping routes contained little or no tar, whereas tar pollution was prevalent in the Mediterranean, Java Sea and Red Sea, and in western European and Northwest African coastal areas. 

Liquid water, including its soluble and insoluble constituents, is transferred from the oceans to the atmosphere when air bubbles in the water rise to the surface. These bubbles form from air trapped by breaking waves, "whitecaps." As the bubbles burst at the surface, water droplets are injected into the atmosphere. These water droplets are small enough to remain airborne for several hours. Whitecaps begin to form in winds common over the oceans, and a significant amount of seasalt made airborne in this way is transported to the continents and deposited in coastal areas. 

The sediment surface separates a mixture of solid sediment and interstitial water from the overlying water. Growth of the sediment results from accumulation of solid particles and inclusion of water in the pore space between the particles. The rates of sediment deposition vary from a few millimeters per 1000 years in the pelagic ocean up to centimeters per year in lakes and coastal areas. The resulting flux density of solid particles to the sediment surface is normally in the range 0.006 to 6 kg/m per year (Lerman, 1979). The corresponding flux density of materials dissolved in the trapped water is 10 to 10 kg/m per year. Chemical species may also be transported across the sediment surface by other transport processes. The main processes are (Lerman, 1979) ... 

On an annual basis, temperature increase will be between 2.5 and 3.5°C for this scenario, lower on the sea itself and in coastal areas, higher in the interior of Iberian and Balkan peninsulas and in Northern Africa. These increases are slightly lower in winter, and remarkably higher in summer, when temperature increases of more than... 

TBT levels have been monitored in coastal areas of Western Europe and North America. These have ranged upward to 5.34 pg/L in Western Europe, and 1.71 pg/L in North America (Environmental Health Criteria 116). The highest levels were recorded in the shallow waters of estuaries and harbors where there were large numbers of small boats. 

An interesting local phenomenon connected with TBT pollution in Southern England is the so-called Dumpton Syndrome. In the eponymous coastal area in Kent,... 

The zoogeographic history of the Japan Sea proposed by Chinzei (1991) (Fig. 4.5 and Fig. 4.6) indicated that (1) from 17 to 15 Ma, before the spreading of the Japan Sea, tropical and subtropical molluscs invaded the area (2) the benthic and planktonic faunas changed sharply into low temperature faunas at about 15 Ma (3) from about 10 to 5 Ma, sedimentary deposits formed that were barren of benthic molluscs as a result of the stagnation of the Japan Sea basin (4) cold-water molluscan fauna reappeared in the coastal areas at about 5 Ma and (5) this has been followed by a period of marked cyclicity of cold and warm water faunas since about 1.3 Ma. 

The materials so transported are deposited in a new environment, on land (terrestrial deposition), rivers (fluvial deposition), along coastal areas (marginal deposition) or on the sea floor (marine deposition). Dissolved components are deposited either by precipitation, or by evaporation or by the action of biological agencies. 

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