Coals and Carbonaceous Materials

Coal, Soil Organic Matter and Other Related Materials. - 5.5.1 Coals and Carbonaceous Materials. C - The extract from carbon disulfide/AT-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone mixed solvent extraction of Upper Freeport coal at room temperature has been fractionated with acetone and pyridine into three fractions, and solid-state NMR measurements of these fractions have been measured. 

Himus, G. W. and Basak, G. C., Analysis of Coals and Carbonaceous Materials Containing High Percentages of Inherent Mineral Matter, Fuel, 1949, 28, 57. 

Coals and Carbonaceous Materials. - Samples of a range of Australian bituminous coals from Pelican-5, which is a petroleum drill site, were studied... 

In addition to supplying transportation fuels and chemicals, products from coal liquefaction and extraction have been used m the past as pitches for binders and feedstocks for cokes [12]. Indeed, the majority of organic chemicals and carbonaceous materials prior to World War II were based on coal technologies. Unfortunately, this technology was supplanted when inexpensive petroleum became available dunng the 1940s. Nevertheless, despite a steady decline of coal use for non-combustion purposes over the past several decades, coal tars still remain an important commodity in North America. 

High porosity carbons ranging from typically microporous solids of narrow pore size distribution to materials with over 30% of mesopore contribution were produced by the treatment of various polymeric-type (coal) and carbonaceous (mesophase, semi-cokes, commercial active carbon) precursors with an excess of KOH. The effects related to parent material nature, KOH/precursor ratio and reaction temperature and time on the porosity characteristics and surface chemistry is described. The results are discussed in terms of suitability of produced carbons as an electrode material in electric double-layer capacitors. 

The primary component of coal is carbonaceous material resulting from the accumulation and decay of plant matter in marine or freshwater environments and marshes (Hessley et al. 1986). As plant matter accumulates it becomes humified and may eventually be consolidated into coal through a process called coalification. In the organic matrix, C is the major element by weight, with smaller amounts of H, O, N, and S, and many trace elements. The abundance of these trace elements is highly variable, but based on the reported trends in the affinity of elements for the organic fraction of coal (Table 1), elements such as B, Ge, Be, Ti, and V are expected to exist primarily within the organics in coal. 

Polynuclear AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS and heterocycles are quite abundant in fossil fuel materials such as coal and petroleum, and insights into new chemistry can potentially lead to developments in the areas of fuels, lubricants, chemicals, and carbonaceous materials. The study of large aromatic hydrocarbons is long-standing, and the symposium upon which this book is based was held on the 30th anniversary of a symposium, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons , held in Atlantic City in September 1956 and published in Volume 1 of the Preprints of the Petroleum Division. We are fortunate to have as one of the contributors to this book, Michael Szwarc, who was an author of one of the papers of the 1956 symposium ( Reactivities of Deformed Aromatic Hydrocarbons ). 

The technique of reflectance optical microscopy has proven to be invaluable in the analyses and characterization of fossil fuels, in particular coal materials and petroleum-containing source rocks. The technique involves the measurement of the percentage of white polarized light reflected from a polished surface of a coal specimen using oil immersion and analyzed within the microscope. This percentage value gives a measure of the aromaticity of the carbonaceous matter which constitutes coal and rock materials. Table 2.1 contains specific... 

Coke Coke is the solid, cellular, infusible material remaining after the carbonization of coal, pitch, petroleum residues, and certain other carbonaceous materials. The varieties of coke generally are identified by prefixing a word to indicate the source, if other than coal, (e.g., petroleum coke) or the process by which a coke is manufactured (e.g., oven coke). 

Other carbonaceous materials such as municipal waste plastics, cel-hilosics, and used motor oils may also serve as cofeedstocKs with coal in this technology. 

Complex aromatic raw materials such as petroleum resids, decant oils, coal, and coal tars have been employed for many years by the earbon industry and eontinue to be used extensively in the fabneation of eoke, earbon, and artifieial graphite [1], These same feedstoeks also have the potential for use in produeing "advaneed" earbon produets such as carbonaceous mesophase, fibers, and beads 12-4],... 

As a starting point, the book reviews the general properties of the raw materials. This is followed by the different techniques used to convert these raw materials to the intermediates, which are further reacted to produce the petrochemicals. The first chapter deals with the composition and the treatment techniques of natural gas. It also reviews the properties, composition, and classification of various crude oils. Properties of some naturally occurring carbonaceous substances such as coal and tar sand are briefly noted at the end of the chapter. These materials are targeted as future energy and chemical sources when oil and natural gas are depleted. Chapter 2 summarizes the important properties of hydrocarbon intermediates and petroleum fractions obtained from natural gas and crude oils. 

Yazami et al. [128, 129] studied the mechanism of electrolyte reduction on the carbon electrode in polymer electrolytes. Carbonaceous materials, such as cokes from coal pitch and spherical mesophase and synthetic and natural graphites, were used. The change in with composi-... 

There are two main varieties of carbon (i) crystalline (e.g., graphite and diamond), and (ii) amorphous. The amorphous variety consists of carbon blacks and charcoals. Carbon blacks are nonporous fine particles of carbon produced by the combustion of gaseous or liquid carbonaceous material (e.g., natural gas, acetylene, oils, resins, tar, etc.) in a limited supply of air. Charcoals are produced by the carbonization of solid carbonaceous material such as coal, wood, nut shells, sugar, synthetic resins, etc. at about 600 °C in the absence of air. The products thus formed have a low porosity, but when activated by air, chlorine, or steam, a highly porous material is produced this porous product is called activated charcoal. Chemically speaking carbon blacks and charcoals are similar, the difference being only in physical aspects. Carbon blacks find use in the rubber industry and in ink manufacture. An important use of charcoals is as adsorbents. 

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