Petroleum resids

Complex aromatic raw materials such as petroleum resids, decant oils, coal, and coal tars have been employed for many years by the earbon industry and eontinue to be used extensively in the fabneation of eoke, earbon, and artifieial graphite [1], These same feedstoeks also have the potential for use in produeing "advaneed" earbon produets such as carbonaceous mesophase, fibers, and beads 12-4],... 

This section covers recent advances in the application of three-phase fluidization systems in the petroleum and chemical process industries. These areas encompass many of the important commercial applications of three-phase fluidized beds. The technology for such applications as petroleum resid processing and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis have been successfully demonstrated in plants throughout the world. Overviews and operational considerations for recent improvements in the hydrotreating of petroleum resids, applications in the hydrotreating of light gas-oil, and improvements and new applications in hydrocarbon synthesis will be discussed. 

M. N. Siddiqui, M. F. Ali, and S. H. H. Redhwi, Catalytic conversion of waste plastics/petroleum resid mixtures into transportation fuels. Petroleum Chemistry Division Preprints, 47(4), 374 (2002). 

H. K. Joo, and C. W. Curtis, Catalytic coprocessing of plastics with coal and petroleum resid using NiMo/Al203. Energy Fuels., 10(3), 603 (1996). 

Although SRC s are lower in both sulfur and mineral matter than the coals from which they are derived, these materials will require additional upgrading if higher quahty fuels, such as gas turbine fuels, are desired in the product slate (2). One attractive route for upgrading SRC is an extension of petroleum resid hydroprocessing technology (3). In order to fully understand the chemistry involved in hydroprocessing... 

In 1992, novel mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41 was invented by Mobil researchers.90 91 The novel mesoporous molecular sieve of MCM-41 type has also been examined as support for Co-Mo/MCM-41 catalyst for HDS. Al-MCM-41 has been synthesized with improved aluminum incorporation into framework92 94 and applied to prepare Co Mo/MCM-41 for deep HDS of diesel fuels95-97 and for HDS of petroleum resid.94... 

Reddy, K.M., Wei, B.L., and Song, C.S. Mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41 supported Co-Mo catalyst for hydrodesulfurization of petroleum resids. Catalysis Today, 1998, 43, 261. 

Heck, R.H. Rankel, L.A. DiGuiseppi, F. T. Conversion of petroleum resid from Maya crude Effects of H-donors, hydrogen pressure and catalyst. Fuel Process. TechnoL, 1992, 30,69-81. 

Gray, M. R., Upgrading Petroleum Resids and Heavy Oils, Marcel Dekker, 1994. 

In addition to scale-up difficulties, there are a number of problems related to the stable operation of a bubble column associated with hydrodynamics. For example, consider the important commercial application of bubble columns in hydroprocessing of petroleum resids, heavy oils and synthetic crudes. Hydrodynamic cold flow and hot flow studies on the Exxon Donor Solvent coal liquefaction process (Tarmy et al., 1984) showed that much of the literature correlations for the hydrodynamic parameters (holdup, interfacial area and dispersion coefficients) obtained with cold flow units, at ambient conditions, are not applicable for commercial units operating at relatively higher pressures. In addition, the flow pattern in commercial units was considerably different. In the hydroprocessing of petroleum residues by the H-Oil and LC-Fining processes, refinery operations have experienced problems with nonuniform distribution of gas and liquid reactants across the distributor, maintaining stable fluidization and preventing temperature excursions (Beaton et al., 1986, Fan, 1989 and Embaby, 1990). Catalyst addition, withdrawal and elutriation have also been identified as problems in these hydrotreaters. 

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