Clinics, diabetes care

With a decreased need for pharmacists to identify obvious problems associated with pharmaceutical therapy, the pharmacist should be free to concentrate on patient-centered therapy issues. Pharmacists can spend more time with patients identifying barriers that might prevent a patient reaching an optimal outcome. Pharmacists can then address these issues with education and proactive adjustments in the patient s therapy. The pharmacist can concentrate more time on educating patients to better monitor their therapy to increase the likelihood of maximal therapeutic benefit without troublesome misadventures. Furthermore, the pharmacist could concentrate on therapeutic outreach programs such as brown bag clinics, diabetic care clinics, and asthma screening. 

From American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004 27 596-601, with permission. 

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American Diabetes Association. Clinical practice recommendations. Diabetes Care 2005 28 Suppl 1. 

Harris MI, Klein R, Welborn TA, Knuiman MW. Onset of NIDDM occurs at least 4-7 yr before clinical diagnosis. Diabetes Care 1992 15(7) 815-9. 

Buse JB, Henry RR, Han J, Kim DD, Fineman MS, Baron AD, for the Exenatide-113 Clinical Study Group. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004 27 2628-35. 

ADA Clinical Practice Recommendations. Insulin administration. Diabetes Care 2003 26 Suppl LS121-4. 

Sulfonylurea drugs basic and clinical considerations. Sydney, Australia, 20 November 1988Proceedings. Diabetes Care 1990 13(Suppl 3) l-58. 

King AB. A comparison in a clinical setting of the efficacy and side effects of three thiazolidinediones. Diabetes Care 2000 23(4) 557. 

Phillips LS, Grunberger G, Miller E, Patwardhan R, Rappaport EB, Salzman ARosiglitazone Clinical Trials Study Group. Once- and twice-daily dosing with rosiglitazone improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001 24(2) 308-15. 

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Lebovitz HE, Kreider M, Freed MI. Evaluation of liver function in type 2 diabetic patients during clinical trials evidence that rosiglitazone does not cause hepatic dysfunction. Diabetes Care 2002 25(5) 815-21. 

Clarke WL, Cox D, Gonder-Frederick LA, Carter W, Pohl SL. Evaluating clinical accuracy of systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose. Diabetes Care 1987, 10, 622-628. 

Clarke WL, Anderson A, Farhy L, Breton M, Gonder-Frederick L, Cox D, Kovatchev B. Evaluating the clinical accuracy of two continuous glucose sensors using continuous glucose-error grid analysis. Diabetes Care 2005, 28, 2412-2417. 

Kovatchev B, Anderson S, Heinemann L, Clarke W. Comparison of the numerical and clinical accuracy of four continuous glucose monitors. Diabetes Care 2008, 31, 1160-1164. 

Kaufman FR, Gibson LC, Halvorson M, Carpenter S, Fisher LK, Pitukcheewanont P. A pilot study of the continuous glucose monitoring system clinical decisions and glycemic control after its use in pediatric type 1 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 2001, 24, 2030-2034. 

Cranor CW, Bunting BA, Christensen DB. 2003. The Asheville Project Long-term clinical and economic outcomes of a community pharmacy diabetes care program. J Am Pharm Assoc 43 173. 

Eddy, D. M., Schlessinger, L, Kahn, R. Archimedes a trial-validated model of diabetes dealing with complexity in clinical diabetes the value of Archimedes. Diabetes Care 2003, 26 3093-3101. 

American Diabetes Association Clinical practice recommendations. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 27 S5-S10, 2004a. 

American Diabetes Association Clinical practice recommendations. Standards of medical care in diabetes.Diabetes Care 27 S15-S35, 2004b. Besser GM, Thorner MO (eds) Comprehensive Clinical Endocrinology. 3rd ed. Mosby, St. Louis, MO, 2002. 

In a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial in 22 European centers for specialist diabetes care over 6 months, sibutramine, in conjunction with moderate caloric restriction, enabled obese patients with type 2 diabetes taking sulfonylureas to achieve clinically significant weight loss (7). This was... 

J. Brange, D. R. Owens, S. Kang and A. Volund. Monomeric insulins and their experimental and clinical implications. Diabetes Care, 13, 923-54 (1990)... 

Umpierrez GE, Watts NB, Phillips LS. Clinical utility of beta-hydroxybutyrate determined by reflectance meter in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care 1995 18 137-8,... 

Kelley, D.E., Bray, G.A., Pi-Sunyer, F.X., Klein, S., Hill, J., Miles, J. and Hollander, P. (2002) Clinical efficacy of orlistat therapy in overweight and obese patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes A 1-year randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 25, 1033-1041. 

Salem JL, Micossi P, Dumm FL, et al. Clinical trial of programmable implantable insulin pump for type-I diabetes. Diabetes Care 1992 15 877-885. 

Azadbakht, L. S. Atabak A. Esmaillzadeh. Soy protein intake, cardio-renal indices and C-reactive protein in type 2 diabetes with nephropathy A longitudinal randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care 2008, Jan 9 [Epub ahead of print]. 

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