Continuous glucose monitoring

Possibilities for Enzymes in Implantable Fuel Cells There is significant and increasing demand for power supplies for implantable medical devices, including continuous glucose monitors for diabetic patients, thermal sensors for... 

Okuda J, Yamazaki T, Fukasawa M, Kakehi N, Sode K. 2007. The application of engineered glucose dehydrogenase to a direct electron-transfer-type continuous glucose monitoring system and a compartmentless biofuel cell. Anal Lett 40 431 -440. 

G. Reach and G.S. Wilson, Can continuous glucose monitoring be used for the treatment of diabetes Anal. Chem. 64, 381A-389A (1992). 

T.M. Gross, Efficacy and reliability of the continuous glucose monitoring system. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2, S19-S26 (2000). 

Bolinder J, Ungerstedt U, Amer P. 1993. Long-term continuous glucose monitoring with microdialysis in ambulatory insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Lancet 342(8879) 1080-1085. 

Amin R, Ross K, Acerini CL, Edge JA, Warner J, Dunger DB. Hypoglycemia prevalence in prepubertal children with type 1 diabetes on standard insulin regimen use of continuous glucose monitoring system. Diabetes Care 2003 26(3) 662-7. 

Deiss D, Kordonouri O, Meyer K, Danne T. Long hypoglycaemic periods detected by subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring in toddlers and pre-school children with diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2001 18(4) 337-8. 

We report here the results obtained by the use of a screen-printed electrode as electrochemical probe to be coupled with a microdialysis fibre for continuous glucose monitoring. The most significant advance is represented by the introduction of a mediator (PB) as the principal factor for hydrogen peroxide measurement. The improved operational stability observed with the PB-modified screen-printed electrodes has demonstrated that these sensors could serve as tool to be applied for the continuous monitoring of many analytes. The application to diabetic care seems to be the most promising and advantageous area in which to test these sensors. 

Gross TM, Bode BW, Einhorn D, Kayne DM, Reed JH, White NH, Mastrototaro JJ. Performance evaluation of the MiniMed continuous glucose monitoring system during patient home use. Diabetes Technology Therapeutics 2000, 2, 49-56. 

Wentholt IM, Vollebrecht MA, Hart AA, Hoekstra JB, DeVries JH. Comparison of a needle-type and a microdialysis continuous glucose monitor in type I diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2005, 28, 2871-2876. 

Wilson DM, Beck RW, Tamhorlane WV, Dontchev MJ, Kollman C, Chase P, Fox LA, Ruedy KJ, Tsalikian E, Weinzheimer SA. The accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator continuous glucose monitoring system in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007, 30, 59-64. 

Weiss R, Yegorchikov Y, Shusterman A, Raz I. Noninvasive continuous glucose monitoring using photoacoustic technology results from the first 62 subjects. Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics 2007, 9, 68-74. 

Choleau C, Dokladal P, Klein JC, Ward WK, Wilson GS, Reach G. Prevention of hypoglycemia using risk assessment with a continuous glucose monitoring system. Diabetes 51, 2002, 3263-3273. 

Klonoff DC. Continuous glucose monitoring roadmap for 21st century diabetes therapy. Diabetes Care 2005, 28, 1231-1239. 

Moatti-Sirat D, Capron F, Poitout V, Reach G, Bindra D, Zhang Y, Wilson G, Thevenot D. Towards continuous glucose monitoring in vivo evaluation of a miniaturized glucose sensor implanted for several days in rat subcutaneous tissue. Diabetologia 1992, 35, 225. 

COMMERCIALLY A VAILABLE CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING SYSTEMS... 

Home glucose test strips were able to reach the market two decades before the first continuous glucose monitors. This points to the tremendous challenges faced in the development of CGM. Following the long and colorful development of the technology will make it easier to understand the present systems. 

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