Temperature climate

Precise control of the outlet chilled-water temperature does not occur with thermocycle operation. This temperature is dependent on ambient wet-bulb-temperature conditions. Normally, during cold winter days little change occurs in wet-bulb temperatures, so that only slight water-temperature variations may occur. This would not be true of many spring and fall days, when relatively large climatic temperature swings can and do occur. 

The mobility of gases in the firn column leads to temperature-dependent changes in the composition of gas trapped in ice at the base of the fim (Severinghaus et ah, 1998). If there is a rapid change in climatic temperature at the ice-sheet surface, a steep temperature gradient will temporarily exist throughout the firn. This will temporarily cause thermal fractionation of gas-... 

Fig. 18-8 Characteristic temperature-depth distributions at an ice divide. For a climatic temperature history as shown in (a) the temperature-depth distribution changes as shown in (b). Following the step increase in surface temperature, the initial steady temperature profile (fi in (b)) is altered by a warming wave (e.g., at time fa) but eventually reaches a new steady profile by time t. (c) Temperature data from Greenland measured by Gary Clow of the US Geological Survey, showing wiggles due to climate variations (Cuffey et ah, 1995).

Air The air flows help to establish the average climate temperature... 

Epstein and Yapp [4] state "it is obviously necessary to calibrate more specifically the relationship between 6(D) records in cellulose nitrate from tree-ring records and known climatic records. This can probably be done best by the analysis of tree rings from widely different, well-documented environments. Such data will allow the comparison of a large variety of trees and determine the versatility of using the isotopic method for climatic temperature determination". We concur with this statement as long as "from the same population" is inserted. 

Long term changes in precipitation, caused by changes in climatic temperature, are well documented in polar ice caps the heavier of the stable isotopes is depleted in ice laid down in the ice age by comparison with present day ice. In 1970 we extended this concept to trees, suggesting that they, also, are thermometers. Trees grow from water and atmospheric C02. In trees which grow on rain water, isotope variations in their rings should be climate indicators because the isotope composition in rain and C02 varies with temperature. 

But isotope fractionation at climatic temperatures is a function of the frequencies of the chemical bonds [16]. We quote from Herzberg [19] as follows "One would expect the -C-H bond to have essentially the same electronic structure and therefore the same force constant in different molecules, and similarly for other bonds. This is indeed observed". For the -C-H bonds the vibrational frequencies in lignin and in cellulose are almost equal, but in fact differ by 6 percent [19] because cellulose is a multiple alcohol (H-C-0-H)n and lignin is a polymer containing... 

The 210Pb input from the atmosphere must have been constant over the past 150 years due to the relative constancy in the maritime climate (temperature and soil moisture influences the radon emanation rate) and the resulting constancy in the input source for 210Pb. Therefore, the deviations from a single log-linear relationship of the unsupported 210Pb activity with the dry mass of sediment accumulation must be due to some property of the watershed. The three different relationships shown in... 

A controversy with possibly far-reaching consequences concerns the impact of atmospheric particles on the earth s climate. Temperature is one of the most easily monitored indicators of climatic change. Among the many discussions of the effects of aerosols on the global mean temperature, we direct the reader to the monograph by Twomey (1977) and the paper by Toon and Pollack (1980), from which some of the following is taken. 

During the assimilation of climatic shipborne data, the relaxation coefficient featured an inverse dependence on the relative dispersion of the observation errors. Owing to the growth of the latter with depth, this coefficient decreased, which allowed one to smooth the vertical differences in the rates of adaptation recognized in [40]. The climatic temperature and salinity fields were interpolated over the nodes of the calculation grid and were assimilated at each model time step. This way, the degree of the disagreement between the calculated and observed fields at the moment of assimilation was reduced to its minimum. 

By the middle 2000s, the model used [42] had been physically and numerically enhanced by the introduction of biharmonic horizontal mixing of the momentum, free sea surface, and actual thermodynamic fluxes at all the open boundaries implemented with a 15-km horizontal resolution, 44 levels over the vertical and a 5-min time step [44,45]. In the latter papers, instead of the density fields [9], climatic temperature and salinity fields with a twice coarser horizontal resolution (about 37 km) were used based on a twofold greater database (about 100 000 stations). 

In addition to the results presented above, we should also note the studies of the climatic BSGC [56] based on the basic Russian prognostic model [57]. The distinctive features of [56] were related to the dependence of the coefficients of horizontal turbulence on lateral velocity shears and to the specifying of the monthly climatic temperature and salinity field at the surface [29] instead of the heat and moisture fluxes. Despite the relatively coarse horizontal calculation grid (about 22 km), this allowed the authors to reproduce [56] a relatively distinct MRC jet and the known NSAEs off the Turkish and Caucasian coasts and off the Danube River mouth. The results of the tuning in [56] of the Munk-Anderson s formula for the coefficient of the vertical turbulent exchange from the point of view of reproduction of the actual CIL were used in [53,54]. 

The well-known Princeton model with a vertical -coordinate, a curvilinear horizontal grid adapted to the coastline, a turbulent closure of the order of 2.5 was used for the studies of the BSGC in [58]. Eighteen levels were specified over the vertical and the horizontal spacing was about 10 km. Similarly to [48], various combinations of the surface boundary conditions were specified. The model started with the wintertime climatic temperature analysis salinity fields [11] and three years later reached a quasi-stationary regime in the upper 200-m layer. 

At a depth of 500 m (and lower), the seasonal differences in the climatic temperature and salinity fields are statistically indistinguishable therefore, in Fig. lie, only the mean annual salinity field is presented. At this level, the temperature field is especially homogeneous (and, therefore, it is not shown) because of the existence of the intermediate isothermal layer in this depth range (see Sect. 2), in which vertical water motions produce no thermal inhomogeneities. 

The most severe adhesive environment is a hot, humid climate (temperature 30 to 50°C humidity +90 percent). 

Knauth L. P. and Lowe D. R. (2003) High Archean climatic temperature inferred from oxygen isotope geochemistry of cherts in the 3.5 Ga Swaziland Supergroup, South Africa. GSA Bull. 115, 566-580. 

Tropospheric ozone, acid deposition Changes in climate (temperature, moisture)... 

The roughness of the moimtain topography, ravines, slopes, open rocky surfaces, exposed meadows, bogs, crevices and other features, create a mosaic of niches of varying resource availability, climate and soil characteristics that exert a pressure of positive selection on only those plants capable of colonizing them while many other species are excluded. The reduced surface of these habitats on the one hand, and the variety of climates -temperature and water availability- on the other bring about an unparallel diversity of life zones per unit area, each one at a short distance... 

Knauth, L.P. and Lowe, D.R., 2003. High Archaean climatic temperatures inferred from oxygen... 

The durability of a building and its components is affected by the quality of the original design, materials, and workmanship and the conditions under which the building exists. Climate—temperature, humidity, wind, and other elements—varies widely from one location to another, and so will the building s response. Repair and replacement costs correlate with the impact of age on the material and the severity of use and abuse by the building s occupants. 

One consequence of water s high heat of vaporization (the energy required to vaporize one mole of a liquid at a pressure of one atmosphere) and high heat capacity (the energy that must be added or removed to change the temperature by one degree Celsius) is that water acts as an effective modulator of climatic temperature. Water can absorb and store solar heat and release it slowly. Consider,... 

As we will see in the first case study, below, change in seasonality of precipitation is potentially one of the most important complications in paleothermometry based on or 5D of water. The difference between summer and winter temperatures, hence or 5D of precipitation, is often as large as or larger than any plausible climatic change. A shift in the summer winter ratio of precipitation thus can mimic, or obscure, the effect of any climatic temperature change on or 5D. 

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