Climatic factors temperature

The amount of biomass produced in a habitat— the productivity of the habitat—is determined by the types of plants (some species are more efficient photosynthesizers than others), the intensity and duration of solar radiation, the amount of nutrients available, and climatic factors such as temperature... 

Soil is distinguished by the complex nature of its composition and of its interaction with other environmental factors. No two soils are exactly alike, and extremes of structure, composition and corrosive activity are found in different soils. Climatic factors of rainfall, temperature, air movement and sunlight can cause marked alterations in soil properties which relate directly to the rates at which corrosion will take place on metals buried in these soils. 

Site-specific climatic factors that are important to selection of landfill cover type and to design of ET landfill covers include daily measurements of precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, total solar radiation, and wind run.6 45 55 If all of the data are not available, one can make useful—but less accurate—estimates of cover performance using only daily precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature measurements. 

Any model used for ET cover design should, at a minimum, be able to utilize daily precipitation and temperature data and preferably should be able to utilize the other important climate factors as well in order to produce the most accurate estimates. 

Thus, the Martonne aridity index defines not only climatic parameters but also vegetational ones. Seasonality of precipitation is another climatic factor that affects desert and steppe boundaries. For a given mean annual temperature, the boundary of a steppe will extend into wetter climates if its precipitation falls mainly in the summer. This is because summer evapotranspiration depletes soil moisture more thoroughly than winter evapotranspiration. For similar reasons, the size of a desert will be larger if its precipitation falls in the summer rather than in the winter (Monger et al., 2004). 

Temperature and humidity are the main climate factors influencing the development of Fusarium diseases of cereals. These factors show strong... 

Some of the NPP models are based on the color imagery and some are not. In the latter, phytoplankton growth is estimated from coupled global circulation and biogeo-chemical models in which water motion controls nutrient availability. The water motion is controlled by climatic factors, such as temperature gradients and wind stress. The latest effort to compare model outputs was conducted with 31 different models and foimd that global estimates for a test year (1998) differed by as much as a factor of 2 The mean results from this model intercalibration experiment are shown in Table 23.7. 

TOW depends mainly on the meteorological parameters, the nature of the metal, the properties of the metallic surface and of the corrosion products layer formed. The most important climatic factors on the corrosion process are relative humidity, sunshine hours, temperature of the air and the metal surface, wind velocity and duration and frequency of the rain, dew and fog. 

The major sources of PCBs, globally, are found in northern latitudes. Breivik et al. [144,145] published a complete assessment of global historical usage of PCBs and, using a mass balance approach, predicted emissions of PCBs to the air as a function of their use and climate factors (primarily temperature). They identified major sources of PCBs as directly contaminated soils, fires, open use, use in capacitors, use in closed systems, disposal to landfills, waste incineration, and PCB destruction. They found that use... 

Leaf gas exchange rates are highly dependent on local climatic factors influencing C02 diffusion and evaporation rates, especially temperature lapse rates. The dependency of gas-exchange parameters on local climatic factors and leaf anatomy may account for the wide variability in leaf stomatal responses and stable isotope composition over elevation transects found in different species and different regions. 

Rhythms of the annual cycle depend to a considerable degree upon climatic factors, which in turn are largely governed by the amount of solar radiation. Light intensity and day length influence metabolic rhythms indirectly through ambient temperature and food supply, and directly, as discussed in section 4.5. 

The ecology of weeds deals mainly with the effects of climatic, edaphic, biotic, and abiotic factors in their environment. Climatic factors include light (intensity, quality, and day length), temperature (averages, extremes, and frost-free... 

Numerous factors influence the bioaccumulation of uranium, such as the chemical and physical form of the uranium the season of the year and other climatic factors such as temperature, age of the organism, specific tissue or organs involved and the specific characteristics of the local ecosystem, such as total suspended and dissolved solids. Bioconcentration factors for uranium have been measured by several investigators in various aquatic organisms. Mahon (1982) measured bioconcentration factors of 1,576 and 459 in algae and plankton, respectively. Horikoshi et al. (1981) determined bioconcentration factors in several species of bacteria that ranged from 2,794 to 354,000. However, bioconcentration by the bacteria represented adsorption onto the cell surfaces of the bacteria rather than true biological uptake. 

Ambient factors, such as temperature and light, affect the oil composition of sunflower seeds. Robertson and Russell (13) studied the effect of climatic conditions (temperature difference between night and day in Canada, Minnesota, and California) on the composition of sunflower oil, hnding that linoleic acid increased proportionally with increasing temperature difference. Robertson and Green (14) studied the effect of sowing time on oil content and composition. Eleven different hybrids... 

The potential limitations by particular environmental factors are best studied by doing experiments, preferably in the field. For example, limitations of tundra vegetation by climatic factors such as cool temperatures have been studied by enclosing small areas of intact vegetation within greenhouses. Limitations by particular nutrients such as phosphate or nitrate have been studied by fertilization experiments in which nutrients are added alone or in combination with others. Limitations by toxic... 

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