Climatic data temperature

Figure 1. Annual average rainfall (mm), annual average temperature (°C), and altitude (m.a.s.l.) for different sites studied in the Pedemontana Jungle in northern Argentina (Salta and Jujuy provinces). Source http //es.climate-data.org/ location/145171/...

These values are significantly different from those that have been earlier calculated by RAIN-ASIA model (World Bank, 1994). These differences might be related to the much more detailed and comprehensive national data sets on geological, soil, climate (precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration, runoff, etc.) and vegetation mapping, physico-chemical properties of soils and geological rocks. This allows the authors to calculate more precise values of all constituents used for maximum sulfur critical load calculation and mapping. 

Climatic data. Winter and summer temperature extrema, cooling tower drybulb temperature, air cooler design temperature, strength and direction of prevailing winds, rain and snowfall maxima in 1 hr and in 12 hr, earthquake provision. 

Local lapse rate method. Meyer (1986, 1992) analyzed climatic data for 39 areas of the world to calculate lapse rates based on MAT as well as warm month mean temperature (WMMT)... 

Figure 6. Results from analysis of modern temperature data (Meyer 1993) can be illustrated on a climagraph to show changes in mean temperatures with elevation, including the decrease in MART with increasing elevation. Solid line indicates the elevation range within which climate data occur dashed lines are projections to higher and lower elevations dots indicate mean temperatures from climate stations used in the analysis. From Meyer (1992). [Reprinted from Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 99, Meyer, H.W., Lapse rates and other variables applied to estimating paleoaltitudes from fossil floras, p. 71-99, 1992, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., with permission from Elsevier.]...

From the CLAMP data and associated mean annual climate data, Forest et al. (1999) obtained estimates of enthalpy, temperature, relative humidity, and specific humidity (Fig. 6). The data set has been reduced by removing the outliers as indicated by scores along the third and fourth axes (see Wolfe 1995 for a description). The axis eigenvalues from CANOCO indicate that significant information is contained in the first 6 axes and implies that the use of the axes three and four as an outlier indicator should be robust. The estimates of the climate data indicate that mean annual enthalpy can be predicted from fossil leaf physiognomy with an uncertainty of aH = + 5.5 kJ/kg. Additionally, the standard errors for the estimates of temperature, specific humidity, and relative humidity are respectively, aT= 1.8 °C, aq= 1.7 g/kg, and = 13%. 

A U. S. national biogenic sulfur emissions inventory with county spatial and monthly temporal scales has been developed using temperature dependent emission algorithms and available biomass, land use and climatic data. Emissions of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), carbonyl sulfide (COS), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon disulfide (CS2), and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) were estimated for natural sources which include water and soil surfaces, deciduous and coniferous leaf biomass, and agricultural crops. The best estimate of 16100 MT of sulfur per year was predicted with emission algorithms developed from emission rate data reported by Lamb et al. (1) and is a factor of 22 lower than an upper bound estimate based on data reported by Adams et al. 

The studies of the BSGC with the help of assimilation of shipborne and satellite altimeter data in the full hydrothermodynamic model [42] began simultaneously with the above-described adaptation calculations. In the course of the studies it was realized that the optimal variant of assimilation with respect to its efficiency and simplicity is the above-mentioned introduction of terms with relaxation to observations into the thermodynamic equations [43]. The main goals of the studies became the simulation of the detailed climatic annual cycle of the BSGC with the help of assimilation of climatic monthly temperature and salinity fields and the simulation of the synoptic variability of the BSGC with the use of the SLE acquired by the altimeter observations from the TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1,2 satellites. 

This apparent incompatibility between the theoretical and the empirical data could be reconciled by considering the water film thickness (d), which controls -29% of the growth variability. In climate systems that show alternating warm-dry and cool-wet periods, speleothem growth might be controlled alternately by the temperature and the water film thickness. Temperate maritime climates, controlled by depressions related to westerly winds and the polar front, do in fact show these extremes of climate (warm-wet or cool-dry conditions are relatively rare). In another climate system, temperature and... 

Climate change research Deliver improved climate data and models for policy makers to determine safe levels of greenhouse gases for the Earth system. By 2013, substantially reduce differences between observed temperature and model simulations at subcontinental scales using several decades of recent data. 

The choice of test conditions defined in this guideline is based on an analysis of the effects of climatic conditions in the three areas of the EC, Japan and the USA. The mean kinetic temperature in any region of the world can be derived from climatic data (Grimm, W. Drugs Made in Germany 28, 196-202,1985 and 29, 39-47, 1986). 

Quantification of the variability in loading is started by the calculation of the key parameters temperature and humidity at different times of the day and the year in order to identify the most loading part of a country or region. Climatic data for... 

Table 1.4-1 presents three-year climatic data from the A36 meteorological tower. The data were recorded 10 m (33 ft) above ground surface. The general trends to note include the large average daily temperature range as shown by the daily maximum and minimum temperatures, the windy season that produces low relative humidity between April and June, and the warm-season precipitation pattern. 

In the climate/environment analysis, detailed climatic data (hourly temperature, precipitation, wind, relative humidity, etc.) are required for predicting temperature and moisture content in each of the pavement layers and then pavement distress. Climatic data are available from weather stations but MEPDG has an extensive number of weather stations embedded in its software for ease of use. 

Climatic Data Center has records that date back to 1880 and provide invaluable information about previous periods for the United States and the rest of the world. For example, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean typically reaches its maximum extent in March. The coverage at the end of March, 2010, was 5.8 million square miles. This was the seventeenth consecutive March with below-average coverage. The center issues many specialized climate data publications as well as monthly temperature and precipitation summaries for all fifty states. 

Tropospheric and Stratospheric Temperature Record from Satellite Measurements (2012) The National Climatic Data Center, NOAA Satellite and Information Service, http //www.geocrafLcom/WVFossils/Reference Docs/NOAA Satellite Temps to 2007.pdf (last accessed April 2012). 

FIGURE 8.3 Global surface temperature variations compared to the 1960-1990 average as measured at Earth s surface indicating an upward trend since 1975. (Data from U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Climatic Data Center, http //www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global.)... 

Some authors (Hugget, 1995 Torres et al., 1997) have demonstrated that tree species distributions in semideciduous forest are influenced by temperature, precipitation and altitude. Six climatic maps were chosen, corresponding to these three factors (Table 8.2). The climatic data, in 0.5° resolution, were sourced from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2003), the International Institute for Applied System Analyses (2003) and the International Research Institute for Climate Prediction (2003). They were used to determine the potential distributions of the 12 tree species. 

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