Cleaning, Buchner funnel

In order to dry the crystals, the Buchner funnel is inverted over two or three thicknesses of drying paper (i.e., coarse-grained, smooth surfaced Alter paper) resting upon a pad of newspaper, and the crystalline cake is removed with the aid of a clean spatula several sheets of drying paper are placed on top and the crystals are pressed flrmly. If the sheets become too soiled by the mother liquor absorbed, the crystals should be transferred to fresh paper. The disadvantage of this method of rapid drying is that the recrystallised product is liable to become contaminated with the Alter paper flbre. 

The chief disadvantages of a Buchner funnel for filtration are (i) it is impossible to see whether the underside of the perforated plate is perfectly clean, and (ii) the larger sizes are top heavy. The first drawback is absent in the Jena slit-sieve funnel (Fig. 11,1, 7,/) this is an all-glass funnel provided with a sealed-in transparent plate, perforated by a series of angular slots, upon which the filter paper rests. The sintered glass... 

Place an intimate mixture of 125 g. of powdered, anhydrous zinc chloride and 26-5 g. of acetophenonephenylhydrazone in a tall 500 ml. beaker in an oil bath at 170°. Stir the mixture vigorously by hand. After 3-4 minutes the mass becomes hquid and evolution of white fumes commences. Remove the beaker from the bath and stir the mixture for 5 minutes. Then stir in 100 g. of clean, white sand in order to prevent solidification to a hard mass. Digest the mixture for 12-16 hours on a water bath with 400 ml. of water and 12 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid in order to dissolve the zinc chloride. Filter off the sand and the crude 2-phenylindole, and boil the solids with 300 ml. of rectified spirit. Treat the hot mixture with a little decolourising carbon and filter through a pre-heated Buchner funnel wash the residue with 40 ml. of hot rectified spirit. Cool the combined filtrates to room temperature, filter off the 2-phenylindole and wash it three times with 10 ml. portions of cold alcohol. Dry in a vacuum desiccator over anhydrous calcium chloride. The yield of pure 2-phenylindole, m.p. 188-189°, is 16 g. 

To filter a solution one attaches a vacuum and pours the solution into the Buchner funnel. All the solution will go whoosh into the flask leaving what is called a filter cake in the funnel. The liquid that has collected in the flask is now called the filtrate. Usually, the filter cake is then washed with a little bit of clean what-... 

The way the chemist knows that she has methylamine and not ammonium chloride is that she compares the look of the two types of crystals. Ammonium chloride crystals that come from this reaction are white, tiny and fuzzy. The methylamine hydrochloride crystals are longer, more crystalline in nature and are a lot more sparkly. The chemist leaves the methylamine crystals in the Buchner funnel of the vacuum filtration apparatus and returns the filtrate to the distillation set up so it can be reduced one last time to afford a second crop. The combined methylamine hydrochloride filter cake is washed with a little chloroform, scraped into a beaker of hot ethanol and chilled. The methylamine hydrochloride that recrystallizes in the cold ethanol is vacuum filtered to afford clean, happy product (yield=50%). 

As an alternative to the Buchner funnel for collecting crystalline solids, a funnel with a sintered glass-plate under suction may be used. Sintered-glass funnels with various porosities are commercially available and can be easily cleaned with warm chromic or nitric acid (see above). 

One of the disadvantages of the porcelain Buchner funnel is that, being of one-piece construction, the filter plate cannot be removed for thorough cleaning and it is difficult to see whether the whole of the plate is clean on both sides. In a modern polythene version, the funnel is made in two sections which can be unscrewed, thus permitting inspection of both sides of the plate. 

A solution of sodium ethylate is prepared from 60 g. (2.6 gram atoms) of clean sodium and 700 cc. of absolute alcohol (Note 1) in a 2-1. round-bottomed flask, equipped with a reflux condenser. To the hot solution is added a mixture of 234 g. (2 moles) of pure benzyl cyanide (Note 2) and 264 g. (3 moles) of dry ethyl acetate (Note 3). The mixture is thoroughly shaken, the condenser closed with a calcium chloride tube, and the solution heated on the steam bath for two hours before standing overnight (Note 4). The next morning the mixture is stirred with a wooden rod to break lumps, cooled in a freezing mixture to — io°, and kept at this temperature for two hours. The sodium salt is collected on a 6-in. Buchner funnel and washed four times on the funnel with 250-cc. portions of ether. The filter cake is practically colorless and corresponds to 250-275 g. of dry sodium salt, or 69-76 per cent of the calculated amount. The combined filtrates are placed in the freezing mixture until they can be worked up as indicated below. 

Special Buchner funnel cleaning alert. The standard ceramic Buchner funnel is not transparent, and you can t see whether or not the bums who used the funnel the last time to collect a highly colored product, didn t clean the funnel properly. The first time you Buchner filter crystals from an alcohol solution, the colored impurity dissolves, bleeds up into your previously clean crystals, and you may have to redo your entire experiment. I d rinse the Buchner funnel with a bit of hot ethanol before I used it, just for insurance. 

Drain the crystals on a bare Witte plate or a Buchner funnel, wash them once or twice with small portions of cold water, and spread them to dry on clean filter paper supported on a glass plate. A second and third crop should be secured from the mother liquor. 

After filtering the mixture of sample and organic solvent, the hose connected from the water aspirator to the flask under the Buchner funnel should first be carefully disconnected before shutting off the water source to prevent possible backflow of tap water into the flask, which would contaminate the sample. Prior to evaporation, the solvent waste reservoir should be empty, clean, and dry. Evaporation should be started slowly at reduced pressure to avoid the boiling over of solvent and samples. If by chance the polyphenolic extract boils over into the waste reservoir, immediately release the applied vacuum and transfer the extract back to the original boiling flask. If this is not satisfactory and contamination is a possibility, extraction should be performed again with a new sample. 

Place 50 g (0.32 mol) of o-chloronitrobenzene and 75 g of clean dry sand in a 250-ml three-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer and an air reflux condenser. Heat the mixture in an oil or fusible metal bath to 215— 225 °C and add, during 40 minutes, 50 g (0.78 mol) of copper bronze or, better, of activated copper bronze (Section 4.2.19, p. 426) (1). Maintain the temperature at 215-225°C for a further 90 minutes and stir continuously. Pour the hot mixture into a Pyrex beaker containing 125 g of sand and stir until small lumps are formed if the reaction mixture is allowed to cool in the flask, it will set to a hard mass, which can only be removed by breaking the flask. Break up the small lumps by powdering in a mortar, and boil them for 10 minutes with two 400 ml portions of ethanol filter after each extraction. Cool the filtered extracts in ice, and collect the crude product on a Buchner funnel. Concentrate the filtrate to about half the original volume and thus obtain a second crop of crystals. The total yield of crude solid should be about 24 g if it is less than this, a third extraction of the reaction product should be made. Dissolve the crude solid in about 400 ml of hot ethanol, add a little decolourising charcoal, boil for a few minutes, filter and cool in ice. Recrystallise again from hot ethanol. The yield of pure 2,2 -dinitrobiphenyl, m.p. 123-124 °C, is 20-22 g (54%). 

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