Cleaning and maintenance

In general, a combination of volume per unit of time and/or energy would be a most useful metric, but one should also consider these materials in terms of their intrinsic hazards, just as for any process reagent, solvent, or reactant 

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Operating, cleaning, and maintenance labor 2-3% of installed capital... 

The diameter and materials, specified for the tubes and fins, depend on system requirements. The fins are commonly made from aluminum or copper, but may be fabricated of stainless or carbon steel. Tubes are generally copper, but can be made from almost any material, and they range in size from 5/8- to 1-in. outer diameter. The design of the air-cooled exchanger is such, that individual coils can be removed independently for easy cleaning and maintenance. There are several common design configurations that are commercially available. Each is briefly described below. 

Locate equipment and components, taking into account access for cleaning and maintenance and maintenance routes to components... 

Ojiitinuous Continuous automatic cleaning and maintenance possible, without total flow interruption. 

Vertical tanks over 3.65 meters (12 ft) high should have a further manhole fitted near the bottom to provide access for cleaning and maintenance of any storageheating facilities. 

The plates are grouped into passes with each fluid being directed evenly between the paralleled passages in each pass. Whenever the thermal duty permits, it is desirable to use single-pass, counterflow (Figure 26.1) for an extremely efficient performance. Since the flow is purely counterflow, correction factors required on the LMTD approach unity. With all connections on the head of the unit, the follower is free for very quick access to cleaning and maintenance. The effect of multi-pass operation will be discussed later in this chapter. 

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) solutions do not dissolve tantalum, but tend to destroy the metal by formation of successive layers of surface scale. The rate of the destruction increases with concentration and temperature. Damage to tantalum equipment has been experienced unexpectedly when strong alkaline solutions are used during cleaning and maintenance. 

Furthermore, modern boiler shell waterside internals tend to be more inaccessible, and the compact designs make inspections, cleaning, and maintenance more difficult tasks than with earlier designs. 

The use of intermittent BD arrangements employing timers and electrical conductivity electrodes has been standard technology for at least 25 years. Nevertheless, problems still occur that may be attributable to the use of electrodes unsuitable for the temperatures involved or inadequate electrode cleaning and maintenance. 

Inherent hazard (e.g., toxicity, stability, reactivity) Cost Renewability Recyclability Size (volume) Scalability Controllability Energy (i.e., total, heating, cooling, recovery, treatment, etc.) Ease of cleaning and maintenance Safety/process safety ... 

Equipment used in the manufacture, processing, packing, or holding of a drug product shall be of appropriate design, adequate size, and suitably located to facilitate operations for its intended use and for its cleaning and maintenance. 

A description in sufficient detail of the methods, equipment, and materials used in cleaning and maintenance operations, and the methods of disassembling and reassembling equipment as necessary to assure proper cleaning and maintenance ... 

The GLP training should consist of two parts first, a classroom presentation of the materials described in Section 4 above, and second, a field training session where the principals of documentation of mixing, calibration, and applications can be demonstrated. Disposal, cleaning, and maintenance procedures should also be discussed and demonstrated. The classroom presentation should stress that the four key areas to successful implementation of GLPs are (1) Good Science, (2) Documentation,... 

To satisfy government agencies, instruments need to be adequately tested, calibrated, and/or standardized according to documented procedures. Current GLP standards state that equipment used in the generation, measurement, or assessment of data and equipment used for facility environmental control must be of appropriate design and capacity to function according to the protocol and shall be suitably located for operation, inspection, cleaning, and maintenance. 

The plates are not fixed to the vessel wall, as they are with sectional plates, so there is no positive liquid seal at the edge of the plate, and a small amount of leakage will occur. In some designs the plate edges are turned up round the circumference to make better contact at the wall. This can make it difficult to remove the plates for cleaning and maintenance, without damage. 

Be so constructed and installed to facilitate adjustment, disassembly cleaning, and maintenance to assure the reliability of control procedures, uniformity of production, and exclusion from the drugs of contaminants from previous and current operations... 

The downtime, cleaning, and maintenance costs are a sizable factor in the economics of producing a field prone to asphaltene deposition. Considering the trend of the oil industry towards deeper reservoirs, heavier and as a result asphaltic crudes, and the increased utilization of miscible gas injection techniques for recovering oil, the role of asphaltene deposition in the economic development of asphaltene containing oil discoveries will be important and crucial. 

MS as a gas chromatographic detector has become much simpler to operate in the past decade. Nearly all control of the detector is performed through a data system with similar look-and-feel to other chromatographic data systems. Components such as ion sources now have less than 10 parts, making periodic cleaning and maintenance much simpler than in the past. Finally, the pricing of mass selective detectors is now similar to other selective detectors. It is likely that MS will eventually supplant most of the other selective detectors. 

Efficient odor removal. Requires periodic cleaning and maintenance ... 

In addition to the practical considerations for installation of these types of covers, there are a number of operations and maintenance (O M) concerns that affect the utility of a cover for specific applications, including how different cover materials will withstand local climatic conditions, what types of cleaning and maintenance will be required for each particular type of cover, and how these factors will affect the cover s lifespan and its ability to be repaired when it is damaged. 

AH equipment described in 58.61 should be located in such a manner as to promote proper operation, inspection, cleaning, and maintenance. 

The need for regular inspection, cleaning, and maintenance of equipment is well recognized in the scientific community. A laboratory should estabhsh schedules for such op-... 

All aspects of a laboratory s program for the routine inspection, cleaning, maintenance, testing, calibration, and/or standardization of equipment must be in writing (i.e., SOPs, supplemented as necessary by equipment manuals). This would include a description of cleaning materials inspection, cleaning, and maintenance methods and schedules calibra-... 

Dispersal of product during the cleaning and maintenance of environmental and process air handling plant and equipment... 

Careful consideration should be given to the risk of product crosscontamination from one air handling plant to another during cleaning and maintenance procedures. 

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