Clarification, definition

Finally the concept of fields penults clarification of the definition of the order of transitions [22]. If one considers a space of all fields (e.g. Figure A2.5.1 but not figure A2.5.3, a first-order transition occurs where there is a discontinuity in the first derivative of one of the fields with respect to anotlier (e.g. (Sp/S 7) = -S... 

For the Berry phase, we shall quote a definition given in [164] ""The phase that can be acquired by a state moving adiabatically (slowly) around a closed path in the parameter space of the system. There is a further, somewhat more general phase, that appears in any cyclic motion, not necessarily slow in the Hilbert space, which is the Aharonov-Anandan phase [10]. Other developments and applications are abundant. An interim summai was published in 1990 [78]. A further, more up-to-date summary, especially on progress in experimental developments, is much needed. (In Section IV we list some publications that report on the experimental determinations of the Berry phase.) Regarding theoretical advances, we note (in a somewhat subjective and selective mode) some clarifications regarding parallel transport, e.g., [165], This paper discusses the projective Hilbert space and its metric (the Fubini-Study metric). The projective Hilbert space arises from the Hilbert space of the electronic manifold by the removal of the overall phase and is therefore a central geometrical concept in any treatment of the component phases, such as this chapter. 

The title of the book requires that a definition of plastics materials be given. This is however very difficult. For the purpose of this book I eventually used as a working definition Those materials which are considered to be plastics materials by common acceptance . Not a positive definition but one which is probably less capable of being criticised than any other definition I have seen. Perhaps a rather more useful definition but one which requires clarification is... 

The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 reauthorized CERCLA to continue cleanup activities around the country. Several site-specific amendments, definitions, clarifications, and technical requirements were added to the legislation, including additional enforcement authorities. Title HI of SARA also authorized the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA). 

This appendix contains a glossary of nearly 200 common and uncommon terms and phrases used in ISO/TS 16949 and the Rules for Achieving lATF Recognition. It contains many terms and phrases not defined in ISO 8402 or ANSI/ASQC A3. Some alternative definitions are provided for clarification. The explanations are given for the context in which the terms are used. 

To assist in clarification for the reader, the following specific definition is submitted ... 

These attempted definitions are extremely useful, since they force biogenesis researchers to define their own standpoints. They make it possible to develop new working hypotheses for future research projects. According to Luisi, Once you have the intellectual clarification in front of you, you have the challenge to realize it in the laboratory. However, the definitions presented above are not good enough for all the scientists working in this area. 

Obviously, these definitions need clarification. Chemists commonly assume Ni =8, which allows (Nt — Xi) to be interpreted as the group number of A in the periodic system (fixed for each group) can then be interpreted as follows ... 

Taking up a 2005 recommendation of the Consultative Committee for Thermometry (CCT) [25], the Comite International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) created a mise en practique of the definition of the kelvin containing clarifications and recommendations of the CCT concerning the realization of the definition of the kelvin and the implementation of practical temperature scales. 

For clarification, it is necessary to understand the basic definitions that are used (1) density is the mass of liquid per unit volume at 15.6°C (60°F), (2) relative density is the ratio of the mass of a given volume of liquid at 15.6°C (60°F) to the mass of an equal volume of pure water at the same temperature, and (3) specific gravity is the same as the relative density and the terms are used interchangeably. 

The AHEC has advised HRECs to continue to regard the national statement as the definitive guideline for the review and conduct of research in Australia. In October 2001 the WMA issued a note of clarification on the interpretation of its guideline on the ethical use of... 

The FDA established a GLP review task team to identify provisions in the regulations that could be amended or deleted, and this team recommended revisions to 36 GLP provisions. Recommendations were issued as a proposed rule on October 29, 1984 [15]. The proposal made various changes to definitions to reduce the amount of paperwork required for nonclinical laboratory studies and to clarify earlier GLP provisions. Similar clarifications were made to the provisions, delineating the definition and function of the study director and quality assurance unit. 

Of course, this is too much of a big picture and to define fife at this level may indeed appear impossible. However, one can scientifically tackle this question by looking at life in its simplest expression, namely microbes and other uiucellular organisms. This is a first, important clarification, which also eliminates (at least for most scientists) the notions of soul or consciousness from the picture. In other words, let us talk only about microbial fife, and try to give a definition of cellular life. 

The remarkable efficacy of topical corticosteroids in the treatment of inflammatory dermatoses was noted soon after the introduction of hydrocortisone in 1952. Numerous analogs are now available that offer extensive choices of potencies, concentrations, and vehicles. The therapeutic effectiveness of topical corticosteroids is based primarily on their antiinflammatory activity. Definitive explanations of the effects of corticosteroids on endogenous mediators of inflammation await further experimental clarification. The antimitotic effects of corticosteroids on human epidermis may account for an additional mechanism of action in psoriasis and other dermatologic diseases associated with increased cell turnover. The general pharmacology of these endocrine agents is discussed in Chapter 39. 

Furthermore, as will be apparent from the following sections, all properties of biological products that lead to their industrial utilization are, by definition, functional ones. The expected enhanced reliance on biological "renewable resources" due to the exhaustion of the fossil materials will necessitate increased emphasis on the clarification, evaluation, and modification of their functional properties as a prerequisite to their efficient utilization. 

The term stereoselective is often confused with the term stereospecific, and the literature abounds with views as to the most satisfactory definition. To offer some clarification, it is perhaps timely to recall a frequently used term, introduced a decade or so ago, namely the stereoelectronic requirements of a reaction. All concerted reactions (i.e. those taking place in a synchronised process of bond breaking and bond forming) are considered to have precise spatial requirements with regard to the orientation of the reactant and reagent. Common examples are SN2 displacement reactions (e.g. Section 5.10.4, p. 659), E2 anti) elimination reactions of alkyl halides (e.g. Section 5.2.1, p.488), syn (pyrolytic) elimination reactions (Section 5.2.1, p.489), trans and cis additions to alkenes (e.g. Section 5.4.5, p. 547), and many rearrangement reactions. In the case of chiral or geometric reactants, the stereoisomeric nature of the product is entirely dependent on the unique stereoelectronic requirement of the reaction such reactions are stereospecific. 

In this equation, Wq and W[r are weighting factors that express the importance of the residuals obtained in the calorimetric and infrared determinations, respectively. The definition of these weightings is crucial for the results that are obtained, but is not at all straightforward. Recently, an approach to this problem based on an automated sensitivity analysis has been reported [17]. Besides tackling this problem of mathematically combining the evaluation of two different signals measured for the same experiment, we shall demonstrate in Section 8.3 that the application of both measurement techniques in parallel has synergistic effects for the clarification of the physical and chemical processes that are involved in the one experiment. 

The following compilation is a selection of definitions that are commonly used in reference to petroleum technology and will be of use to the reader. Older names are also included for clarification. This is a revised and more extensive Glossary than the one presented by the author in The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum, Third Edition (Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1999). 

On September 3, 2003 the FDA released the final guidance on the Scope and Application of 21 CFR Part 11. Comments from industry played a large role in the changes that the FDA made between the draft version and the new final version. Significant clarification was also established on the definition of legacy systems and on enforcement discretion . 

Because the NELAC standards are general, they require interpretation or clarification in certain areas of application. That is why the US DOD undertook a task of specifying some of these broad areas in definite terms in a manual that unifies laboratory requirements of the Navy, Air Force, and United States Army Corps of Engineers (DOD, 2000). This manual, titled Department of Defense Quality Systems Manual for Environmental Laboratories, is offered to the DOD representatives and contractors who design, implement, and oversee contracts with environmental laboratories. Currently, the three DOD branches implement their own laboratory accreditation programs with some reciprocity between the three a task force has been created to combine these programs into a single DOD accreditation process. 

In both cases the species, forms or phases are defined (a) functionally, (b) operationally, or (c) as specific chemical compounds or oxidation states. This usage is employed in this book but IUPAC has proposed a useful clarification in that definition (1) above is abandoned in favour of speciation analysis and the term spe-ciation is reserved for the concept of a description of the distribution of species. 

Since FDA and the HPB have adopted the ICH Q2A and Q2B guidelines, the discussion will be limited to the ICH parameters. To this end, there has been a clarification to the definition of ruggedness, precision,... 

Although Lindberg s mechanism for the anomerization of O-acetyl-ated glycosides rationalizes many of the experimental facts, certain objections which require clarification can be raised, and an alternative mode of reaction has yet to be eliminated. Definite evidence for the assumption... 

Equation (1-1) is the defining equation for thermal conductivity. On the basis of this definition, experimental measurements may be made to determine the thermal conductivity of different materials. For gases at moderately low temperatures, analytical treatments in the kinetic theory of gases may be used to predict accurately the experimentally observed values. In some cases, theories are available for the prediction of thermal conductivities in liquids and solids, but in general, many open questions and concepts still need clarification where liquids and solids are concerned. 

In the position paper, CEFIC supported the creation of a system for protecting traditional knowledge following the development of a definition of traditional knowledge, the creation of inventories of traditional knowledge, and clarification of the relationship between protection of traditional... 

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