Automated sensitivity analysis

In this equation, Wq and W[r are weighting factors that express the importance of the residuals obtained in the calorimetric and infrared determinations, respectively. The definition of these weightings is crucial for the results that are obtained, but is not at all straightforward. Recently, an approach to this problem based on an automated sensitivity analysis has been reported [17]. Besides tackling this problem of mathematically combining the evaluation of two different signals measured for the same experiment, we shall demonstrate in Section 8.3 that the application of both measurement techniques in parallel has synergistic effects for the clarification of the physical and chemical processes that are involved in the one experiment. 

The approach by Zogg and co-workers, which was mentioned in Section 8.2.5.3 and which uses an automated sensitivity analysis to obtain weighting factors for the combined manipulation of calorimetric and spectroscopic data according to Equation 8.21. 

The main aims in environmental analysis are sensitivity (due to the low concentration of microcontaminants to be determined), selectivity (due to the complexity of the sample) and automation of analysis (to increase the throughput in control analysis). These three aims are achieved by multidimensional chromatography sensitivity is enhanced by large-volume injection techniques combined with peak compression, selectivity is obviously enhanced if one uses two separations with different selectivi-ties instead of one, while on-line techniques reduce the number of manual operations in the analytical procedure. 

Flow injection analysis is a rapid method of automated chemical analysis that allows for quasi-continuous recording of nutrient concentrations in a flowing stream of seawater. The apparatus used for flow injection analysis is generally less expensive and more rugged than that used in segmented continuous flow analysis. A modified flow injection analysis procedure, called reverse flow injection analysis, was adopted by Thompson et al. [213] and has been adapted for the analysis of dissolved silicate in seawater. The reagent is injected into the sample stream in reverse flow injection analysis, rather than vice versa as in flow injection analysis. This results in an increase in sensitivity. 

For the determination of organotin compounds (tributyltin, triphenyltin, triethyltin, and tetra-ethyltin) a MAE is proposed before the normal phase (NP) HPLC/UV analysis [35], In organotin and arsenic speciation studies, hydride generation is the most popular derivatization method, combined with atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy or ICP techniques [25,36], Both atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS and electrospray ionization ESI-MS are employed in the determination of butyltin, phenyltin, triphenyltin, and tributyltin in waters and sediments [37], A micro LC/ESI-ion trap MS method has been recently chosen as the official EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) method (8323) [38] it permits the determination of mono-, di-, and tri- butyltin, and mono-, di-, and tri-phenyltin at concentration levels of a subnanogram per liter and has been successfully applied in the analysis of freshwaters and fish [39], Tributyltin in waters has been also quantified through an automated sensitive SPME LC/ESI-MS method [40],... 

Both radiometric and mass spectrometric detection approaches have been used in automated radiochemical analysis, depending on the radionuclides of interest and the capabilities of the laboratory involved. The tradeoffs between radiation counting and atom counting have been described.14 16 17 Short-lived fission products may be advantageously detected with radiation detection, whereas long-lived (low specific activity) radionuclides can be determined with better sensitivity using ICP-MS. 

Mass spectrometry has become a major player in proteome analysis because of its integration with high-resolution separation techniques and protein databases and its inherent high sensitivity, high structure specificity, high-mass capability, and opportunity for automation. Short analysis times and straightforward sample preparation steps are the other advantages of mass spectrometry-based proteomics. 

Automated, sensitive detection, chromatographic separation, quantification, and metabolite. Analysis times of 5-140 min... 

Non-chromatographic separations based on ion-exchange and adsorption have been used extensively for enhancing the selectivity and sensitivity of analytical methods. Although most procedures involve some kind of continuous flow operation, nevertheless they are mostly off-line batch procedures which require considerable operational efforts. Automation of sorption separation procedures is therefore a topic which has attracted much interest. FI on-line separation and preconcentration by sorption is an area which has shown great promise in this respect, and in fact, is an area which has become one of the most active research fields in automated solution analysis in recent years. 

Examining the theory for electrophoresis reveals that high voltages and small separation lengths are two strategies primarily involved in ultrafast separations, for both capillary and microfluidic formats. However, most commercial instruments are incompatible with short separation distances and are not equipped with the fast injection devices and sensitive detectors needed for rapid separations. Therefore, methods development for both ultrafast capillary and microfluidic separations has gone hand-in-hand with instrument development. Instrument development has focused on methods to maximize voltages, minimize injection volumes, detect small amounts of analyte, and automate data analysis. 

Zhong H.R. Gu X.P.2010. Assessment of Power System Black start Schemes Based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and Its Sensitivity Analysis. Automation of Electric Power Systems 16 34-37, 49. 

We demonstrated the detection of DOX-related glomerular injury using desmin as a sensitive podocyte injury marker in the subacute nephrotoxicity in rats. The fully automated image analysis platform could feasibly support morphologic assessment of compound-induced glomerulopathy in bespoke discovery toxicology studies and/or retrospective analysis. 

This procedure will not be discussed further here, but the DRG methodology has proven to be easy to implement and to fully automate. Hence, it has become very popular to use for reduction of larger mechanisms. In its simplest form DRG has however proved to have some limitations. These have been addressed in extended versions of the procedure. This includes DRG with error propagation (DRGEP) (Pepiot-Desjardins Pitsch, 2008), DRG aided sensitivity analysis (DRGASA) (Zheng et al., 2007) and DRGEP and sensitivity analysis (Niemeyer et al., 2010). The reader is referred to these works for further discussion. 

Continuous flow techniques have been widely used for automated phosphorus analysis of waters since the introduction of the segmented continuous flow analysis systems in the 1950s. Segmented continuous flow manifolds described include those which are suitable for the determination of phosphorus in water in the presence of high silica [145], for highly sensitive detection of FRF in the presence of mercuric chloride preservative [146],... 

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