Civil design

We will concentrate in the following on the design of foundations and equipment support blocks, since these are the civil items which are the most closely integrated with the overall plant design. Foundation design follows at its upper end from the plant layout and the loads and details of supported equipment and steelwork, and at the lower end from the design criteria produced by the geophysical consultant. 

Support base design must also facilitate the initial positioning of the supported equipment, which may be problematic if for instance cast-in foundation bolts are employed. The designer should ensure that the system of dimensional tolerancing matches the needs of the supported equipment. For example, if two related machinery items have a small specified tolerance on their relative positions, the feature of the foundation design that limits the machinery positions, say the spacing of the cast-in foundation bolts, should be directly dimensioned one to another. If the relative positions are determined by dimensioning each set of bolts from an individual machine centreline, the possible cumulative tolerance error is tripled. 

Where the dimensional tolerances of support bases appear to require the use of special construction methods or templates, it does no harm to call for that on the drawing. If the contractor comes up with a better method it will surely be agreed on site, while if no special notes are made the contractor may simply fail to meet tolerances which are considered to be over-demanding. 

Transmission of vibration to other structures can be a problem. Even on relatively simple applications, such as centrifugal pump bases, it is necessary to minimize the transmission of vibrations (usually by providing separate bases), otherwise standby machinery may be subject to bearing damage. In the case of control rooms, any noticeable transmitted vibrations are likely to be cause for complaint. Even when environmental standards concerning permissible control room vibration levels exist, and may seem attainable without special construction, it is advisable where possible to be conservative. Positively isolate the foundations and employ brick or concrete building methods if there is any vibration source in the vicinity, especially for low-frequency vibration exciters such as crushers and mills. 

Most civil items within a process plant should be the subject of 

---

The conceptual layout drawings are upgraded to general arrangement drawings, which reflect the detail steelwork and civil designs as well as actual equipment dimensions, and are dimensioned to co-ordinate interfaces. 

Civil Design Branch report, Dynamic Earthquake Analysis of Secondary Containment Structure and Response Spectra for the Attached Equipment - Bellefonte Nuclear Plant (1972) (Revised 1985)... 

It should be emphasized that capital cost estimates using installation factors are at best crude and at worst highly misleading. When preparing such an estimate, the designer spends most of the time on the equipment costs, which represent typically 20 to 40 percent of the total installed cost. The bulk costs (civil engineering, labor, etc.) are factored costs which lack definition. At best, this type of estimate can be expected to be accurate to 30 percent. 

Proprietary blend formulations based on polysulfone, polyethersulfone, and polyphenylsulfone are sold commercially by Amoco Corporation to meet various end use requirements. The blends based on polysulfone are sold under the MINDEL trademark. A glass fiber-reinforced blend based on PES is offered under the trade name RADEL AG-360. This offers most of the performance characteristics of 30% glass fiber-reinforced polyethersulfone but at a lower cost. Two blend product lines are offered based on PPSF. These are designated as the RADEL R-4000 and R-7000 series of products. The former is a lower cost alternative to RADEL R PPSF homopolymer offering most of the performance attributes unique to PPSF. The R-7000 series of resins have been formulated for use in aircraft interiors for civil air transport. They exhibit a very high degree of resistance to flammabihty and smoke release. 

Ameiican Society of Civil Fngineeis, Ameiican Watei Woiks Association, and Confeience of State Sanitaiy Fngineeis, Water Treatment Plant Design, Ameiican Watei Woiks Association, Inc., New Yoik, 1969, p. 297. 

George Eads and Peter Reuter, Designating Safer Products Gorporate Responses to Product Liability Law and Regulation, The Rand Corporation Institute for Civil justice, Santa Monica, CA, 1983. 

Skins with bonded doublers have been used successfully on a large number of civil aircraft and are still used on new designs. The only widespread in-service problem with bonded doubler assemblies has been delamination caused by unstable surface preparation. Early fuselage skins with bonded doublers and inadequate surface preparation experienced severe delamination and subsequent corrosion. A majority of these delaminated doublers were the fail-safe tear straps (Fig. 27). Although the tear strap bond does not cany structural load, the bond... 

During the American Civil War, Ericsson designed a steam-driven iron-clad ship, a concept initially rejected by the Navy Board as being too novel. The Monitor, built through the intervention of President Lincoln, but at Ericsson s expense, brought to a sudden end the era of wooden warships. 

---