Cincinnati study

The effects of low levels of lead on birth weight and gestational age are controversial. The earlier evidence for such effects was not reproduced in more studies by Factor-Litvak et al. (1991) and Greene and Emhart (1991). A significant inverse association between prenatal maternal blood lead levels and birth weight was reported in the Cincinnati study (Bomschein et al. 1989 Dietrich et al. 1986, 1987a). 

Somewhat different approaches were used in analysing and reporting the neurobehavioural results from the other prospective studies. Instead of grouping subjects into different levels of exposure, regression analyses were applied to data across the entire range of PbB levels. This approach does not identify a threshold at which effects occur, but it does provide a useful estimate of the quantitative relationship between PbB levels and changes (in this case, decrements) in Bayley MDI scores. Recent results from the Cincinnati study indicate, for example, that 6-month-old male infants show an 8-point decrease in the MDI for every 10-jUg/dl increase in PbB level (Dietrich et al,... 

The Cincinnati study also has found an effect of prenatal lead exposure on gestational age, measured in weeks as a continuous variable. One analysis (Dietrich et al, 1986) indicated that gestational age was reduced by approximately 0.6 week for each natural log unit of prenatal maternal blood lead (PbB measurements were transformed to natural logarithms for these analyses to better approximate a normal distribution). Also related to these findings is the cross-sectional study by Moore et al (1982), which has shown a significant relationship between pre-term delivery and either maternal or cord PbB levels in Glasgow, Scotland. This relationship held even after adjustment for a number of possible confounders. 

The Cincinnati study measured alcohol and tobacco exposure by a dichotomous score that was positive if the mother reported use of alcohol, tobacco, or both. The relationship of birth weight to use of tobacco has been fairly well established, and reduced birth weight has been related to foetal alcohol exposure (Abel, 1983). We considered the possibility that this simple... 

U.S. EPA, Project Summary Temoval ofPCBs from Contaminated Soil Using the CF Systems Solvent Extraction Process Treatability Study, EPA/540/SR-95/505, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1995. 

Tabak, et al., Biodegradability Studies with Organic Priority Pollutant Compounds," USEPA, MERL, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 1980. 

U.S. EPA. Case Studies Addendum 1-8 Remedial Response at Hazardous Waste Sites. Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1987. 

Rohm Haas (1976) Sub-chronic (90 day) toxicity study with compound 1130-100 in rats. Study conducted for Cincinnati Milacron Chemicals Inc. by Centraal Instituut voor Voeding-sonderzoek (TNO), Ziest, December (Report No. R 5226). 

Interim results of an investigation of 185 subjects and later results from the complete follow-up sample of 305 subjects in a prospective study of inner-city children (>80% black) bom in Cincinnati, Ohio, were reported by Dietrich et al. (1986, 1987a, 1987b). Maternal PbB levels were measured at the first prenatal visit cord PbB was measured at delivery infant PbB levels were measured at 10 days and at 3 months of age and neurobehavioral tests were performed at 3 and 6 months of age. Mean PbB levels were as follows prenatal (maternal)—8.0 pg/dL (range, 1-27 pg/dL) umbilical cord—6.3 pg/dL (range,... 

In the Cincinnati prospective lead study of public and private low- and moderate-income housing, the lead concentration ranges were painted interior walls, 0.1-35 mg/cm2 interior home surface dust, 0.04-39 mg/m2 and 72-16,200 pg/g interior home dustfall, 0.0040-60 mg/m2/30 days exterior dust scrapings, 20-108,000 pg/g and dust on children s hands, 1-191 pg. The lead levels in older private deteriorating or dilapidated housing were higher than the levels in newer public and rehabilitated housing (Clark etal. 1985). 

Bomschein RL, Hammond PB, Dietrich KN, et al. 1985. The Cincinnati prospective study of low-level lead exposure and its effects on child development Protocol and status report. Environ Res 38 4-18. 

Dietrich KN, Berger OG, Succop PA. 1993b. Lead exposure and the motor development status of urban six-year-old children in the Cincinnati Prospective study. Pediatrics 91 301-307. 

Dietrich KN, Berger OG, Succop PA, et al. 1993a. The developmental consequences of low to moderate prenatal and postnatal lead exposure Intellectual attainment in the Cincinnati lead study cohort following school entry. Neurotoxicol Teratol 15 37-44. 

Dietrich KN, Succop PA, Berger OG, et al. 1991. Lead exposure and the cognitive development of urban preschool children The Cincinnati cohort lead study at age 4 years. Neurotoxicol Teratol 13 203-211. 

Hammond PB, Bomschein RL, Succop P. 1985. Dose-effect and dose-response relationships of blood lead to erythrocytic protoporphyrin in young children. In Bomschein RL, Rabinowitz MB, eds. The Second International Conference on Prospective Studies of Lead, Cincinnati, OH April, 1984. Environ Res 38 187-196. 

NIOSH. 1977j. National occupational hazard survey. Vol. Ill Survey analysis and supplemental tables. Cincinnati, OH U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-114, 346. 

Shukla R. Bomschein RL, Dietrich KN, et al. 1987. Effects of fetal and early postnatal lead exposure on child s growth in stature—the Cincinnati lead study. In Lindberg SE, Hutchinson TC, eds. International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Vol. 1. New Orleans, LA, September. Edinburgh, UK CEP Consultants, Ltd., 210-212. 

Shukla R, Dietrich KN, Bomschein RL, et al. 1991. Lead exposure and growth in the early preschool child A follow-up report from the Cincinnati lead study. Pediatrics 88 886-892. 

NIOSH. 1995. NIOSH Report to Congress on workers home contamination study conducted under the Workers Family Protection Act. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Department of Health and Human Services. Publication No. 96-192-000. Cincinnati, Ohio. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies under CERCLA Soil Vapor Extraction. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Cincinnati, OH, August. 

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