Prenatal exposure to lead

Bellinger DC, Needleman HL, Leviton A, et al. 1984. Early sensory-motor development and prenatal exposure to lead. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 6 387-402. 

Bonithon-Kopp C, Huel G, Moreau T, et al. 1986b. Prenatal exposure to lead and cadmium and psychomotor development of the child at 6 years. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 8 307-310. 

Rabe A, French JH, Sinha B, et al. 1985. Functional consequences of prenatal exposure to lead in immature rats. Neuroloxicology 6 43-54. 

Beyond the genetic factors, the causes of ADHD are unknown and very few studies have examined the relationship between ADHD and exposures to environmental chemicals. It is known, however, that maternal prenatal exposures to lead, alcohol, tobacco smoke, and marijuana are known to result in the birth of children with high incidences of ADHDJ14-17 ft has also been established that exposure to excessive quantities of phenylalanine either prenatally in utero, as a result of the mother having phenylketonuria (PKU) and fetus not having PKU, or postnatally where the child has PKU, results in the development of ADHD hyperactive and behavioral... 

I look at many possible causes of fetal damage in this book, but give particular emphasis to man-made environmental toxins, be they chemical pollutants in our air, water, and land, or substances in the consumer marketplace, legal and otherwise. The effects of these toxins are often connected to more than one type of fetal damage. Prenatal exposure to lead, for example, is connected to postnatal occurrences of lower IQ, ADHD, and schizophrenia, usually in different individuals. Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke, as another example, is connected to a host of effects with adverse postnatal consequences as well. The effects of both sorts of toxins can also be related to other fetal impacts, which in turn are often connected to important social... 

Jedrychowski, W., F.P. Perera, J. Jankowski, D. Mrozek-Budzyn, E. Mroz, E. Flak, S. Edwards, A. Skarupa, and I. Lisowska-Miszczyk. 2009. Very low prenatal exposure to lead and mental development of children in infancy and early childhood Krakow prospective cohort study. Neuroepidemiology 32(4) 270-278. 

Moore MR (1980) Prenatal exposure to lead and mental retardation. In Needleman HL (ed) Low level lead exposure clinical implications of current research. Raven Press, New York, pp 53-65... 

Cardiovascular effects differ in a number of ways from other toxic endpoints associated with human Pb exposures, particularly with respect to Pb neurotoxicity. The focus of attention for neurotoxic effects epidemiologi-cally, medically, and societally has invariably been the very young child, infants and toddlers, and on parallel concerns about prenatal exposures to lead. Lead neurotoxicity in adult humans, by contrast, has had a less voluminous and comprehensive hterature for reasons explained in Chapter 12. By contrast, cardiovascular effects in humans have almost always been evaluated in adult human populations. Data are limited and significant risk analysis attention has not been given to cardiovascular effects in children. 

Needleman, H.L., Rabinowitz, M., Leviton, A., Linn, S., Schoenbaum, S., 1984. The relationship between prenatal exposure to lead and congenital anomaUes. JAMA 251, 2956—2959. 

Ballard, J.L., Novak, K.K. and Driver, M. (1979). A simplified score for assessment of fetal maturation of newly bom infants. ]. Pediatr., 95, 766-774 Bellinger, D.C., Needleman, H.L., Leviton, A., Waternaux, C., Rabinowitz, M.B. and Nichols, M. (1984). Early sensory-motor development and prenatal exposure to lead. Neurohehav. Toxicol Teratol, 6, 387-402... 

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