Chronic toxic effects carcinogenic

In additional EPA studies, subchronic inhalation was evaluated ia the rat for 4 and 13 weeks, respectively, and no adverse effects other than nasal irritation were noted. In the above-mentioned NTP chronic toxicity study ia mice, no chronic toxic effects other than those resulting from bronchial irritation were noted. There was no treatment-related increase ia tumors ia male mice, but female mice had a slight increase in bronchial tumors. Neither species had an increase in cancer. Naphthalene showed no biological activity in other chemical carcinogen tests, indicating Htde cancer risk (44). No incidents of chronic effects have been reported as a result of industrial exposure to naphthalene (28,41). 

Absence of carcinogenity, genotoxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity and of chronic toxicity effects at low exposure levels are indispensable prerequisites for food additive approvals. All substances approved in the European Union or the USA or deemed generally recognised as safe (GRAS) in the USA fulfil this requirement. 

Arsenic is a by-product of the smelting of copper, lead, and zinc ores. It has been shown to produce acute and chronic toxic effects, with the trivalent (3+) form as the most toxic. Arsenic has been classified in the EPA s Group A (human carcinogen), and it is regulated by the U.S. government. 

While Cr(III) is considered to be essential in nutrition and for the maintenance of normal glucose tolerance, Cr(VI) can have acute and chronic toxic effects, including carcinogenicity. For this reason, the determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in environmental samples has become very important and has led to a variety of approaches to differentiate between these species. A speciation method for Cr by electrothermal AAS (ETAAS) was developed, whereby tfacFI reacts selectively with Cr(III) to form a chelate, which is volatilized at 140 °C and an aliquot of the recovered residue is placed in the graphite furnace for atomization of Cr(VI). The LOD and LOQ of the method are 0.15 and 0.52 p.gL Cr(IV), respectively. The Cr(III) concentration was established by difference from total... 

In May 1980, Notification 698 from the MHLW specified the type of data required for the evaluation of safety in animals and Guidelines for Toxicity Studies were subsequently established in 1984. It is necessary to generate data on acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity, effect on reproduction, dependence, antigenicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and local irritation. 

The numerous acute and chronic toxic effects oforganohalides were recorded since these compounds are of wide use in industry and wasted in landfills. The toxic effects of vinyl chloride exposure are connected with the damage to central nervous, blood, lymph, and respiratory systems. This compound is a proved carcinogen, causing a rare... 

Waalkes MP and Rehm S (1994) Chronic toxic and carcinogenic effects of cadmium chloride in male DBA/2NCr and NFS/NCr mice strain-dependent association with tumors of the hematopoietic system, injection site, liver, and lung. Fundam Appl Toxicol 23 21-31. 

The toxic effects of m-phenylenediamine are similar to its ortho- and jiara-isomers. The toxic symptoms were tremor, excitement, convulsions, and cyanosis, and collapse at fatal dose. Other symptoms included decreased blood pressure and pulse rate. Chronic toxic effects resulting from the oral application of an aqueous solution of this compound were increase in liver and to a lesser extent, kidney weights. No carcinogenicity was observed in test animals. The compound was excreted rapidly, unchanged. 

In addition to acute and chronic toxic effects (especially carcinogenic, mutagenic, embryo-toxic and teratogenic effects), examination of the degradability or persistence of a chemical compound, together with the possibility of its bioaccumulation in the food chain are very much in the foreground of product environmental protection. 

Vanillin has a low potential for acute and chronic toxicity, with a reported oral LD q in rats of 1580—3300 mg/kg. Dietary doses up to 20,000 ppm adrninistered to rats for two years resulted in no adverse toxicologic or carcinogenic effects. Vanillin is classified as a GRAS substance by EEMA. Consequently, at levels normally found in the human diet, vanillin would present no significant health or carcinogenic risk to humans. 

Episodic pollution events can adequately be addressed by acute toxicity bioassays, however these are not sufficient to investigate the water quality for delayed toxicity effects of chemicals present. Chronic effects of pesticides can include carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive effects (endocrine disruption). 

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