Inhalants preference

Other researchers have found gender differences in the type of inhalant preferred. For instance, in a Virginia study published in the American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse (October 1999), males were significantly more likely than females to abuse gasoline and females were significantly more likely to abuse hair spray than their male age peers. 

Bronchodilation. p2-Adrenoceptor-medi-ated bronchodilation plays an essential part in the treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease (p.340). For this purpose, p2-agonists are usually given by inhalation preferred agents being those with low oral bioavailability and low risk of systemic unwanted effects (e. g., feno-terol, salbutamol, terbutaline). 

In the case of inhalation, remove the individual to fresh air. If necessary, give artificial respiration, preferably mouth to mouth. If breathing is labored, give oxygen. Call a physician. 

Toxicity. Low toxicity from solvent-vapor inhalation or skin contac t is preferred because of potential exposure during repair of equipment or while connections are being broken after a solvent transfer. Also, low toxicity to fish and bioorganisms is preferred when extraction is used as a pretreatment for wastewater before it enters a biotreatment plant and with final effluent discharge to a stream or lake. Often solvent toxicity is low if water solubility is high. 

Obviously, if you wish to treat a skin condition or infection, a preparation that can be applied topically would be the preferred option. Similarly, inhalation would be the first choice if trying to treat a pulmonary or bronchial condition, such as asthma. Dermal application would also be the first choice for localized tissue treatments (e.g. muscle injury), provided that the drug can be absorbed through the skin. However, in most other situations it is necessary for drugs to enter the bloodstream in order for them to be transported to their site of action. This is most commonly achieved by ingestion, or by intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection when the oral route is not suitable. 

Because all inhaled corticosteroids are equally effective if given in equipotent doses, product selection should be individualized based on the available dosage form, delivery device, and patient preference. In infants, administration may require the use of a nebulizer or spacer/holding chamber with a facemask. Caregivers should use a soft, damp cloth to wipe the face of infants receiving an inhaled corticosteroid via a facemask to prevent topical candidiasis.18... 

In mild persistent asthma, daily use of a low-dose inhaled corticosteroid is the preferred treatment in all age groups. Cromolyn,... 

Because budesonide has the most safety data in humans, it is the preferred inhaled corticosteroid and is the only inhaled corticosteroid classified as pregnancy category B however, there are no data indicating that other inhaled corticosteroids contribute to increased risk to the mother or fetus.43 Because... 

P2-Agonists cause airway smooth muscle relaxation by stimulating adenyl cyclase to increase the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Other non-bronchodilator effects have been observed, such as improvement in mucociliary transport, but their significance is uncertain.11 P2-Agonists are available in inhalation, oral, and parenteral dosage forms the inhalation route is preferred because of fewer adverse effects. 

Albuterol is the preferred bronchodilator for treatment of acute exacerbations because of its rapid onset of action. Ipratropium can be added to allow for lower doses of albuterol, thus reducing dose-dependent adverse effects such as tachycardia and tremor. Delivery can be through metered-dose inhaler (MDI) and spacer or nebulizer. The nebulizer route is preferred in patients with severe dyspnea and/or cough that would limit delivery of medication through an MDI with spacer. If response is inadequate, theophylline can be considered however, clinical evidence supporting its use is lacking. 

Several devices are also available to promote airway clearance. Flutter valve devices employ oscillating positive expiratory pressure (OPEP) to cause vibratory air flow obstruction and an internal percussive effect to mobilize secretions. Intrapulmonary percussive ventilation (IPV) provides continuous oscillating pressures during inhalation and exhalation. Finally the most commonly used technique is high-frequency chest compression (HFCC) with an inflatable vest that provides external oscillation. Vest therapy is often preferred by patients because they can independently perform the therapy even from an early age.5,14... 

If performed appropriately airway clearance techniques provide similar clearance results, so choice should be based on patient preference and compliance. Airway clearance therapy is typically performed once or twice daily for maintenance care and is increased to three or four times per day for acute exacerbations. Inhaled medications are usually given with the therapies and will be discussed in a later section. 

The reaction should preferably be carried out in a hood, as hydrazoic acid may be liberated in small amounts. This compound, which is volatile, is highly toxic, and its inhalation may cause temporary headache and giddiness. 

Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids are the treatment of choice for women with mild persistent asthma. Budesonide is preferred, but other inhaled corticosteroids that were used effectively prior to pregnancy can be continued. 

Short-term topical oxymetazoline or inhaled corticosteroids may be preferred over oral decongestants, especially during early pregnancy. 

In nocturnal asthma, long-acting inhaled /T-agonists are preferred over oral sustained-release / -agonists or sustained-release theophylline. However, nocturnal asthma may be an indicator of inadequate antiinflammatory treatment. 

Inhaled corticosteroids are the preferred long-term control therapy for persistent asthma in all patients because of their potency and consistent effectiveness they are also the only therapy shown to reduce the risk of death from asthma. Comparative doses are included in Table 80-3. Most patients with moderate disease can be controlled with twice-daily dosing some products have once-daily dosing indications. Patients with more severe disease require multiple daily dosing. Because the inflammatory response of asthma inhibits steroid receptor binding, patients should be started on higher and more frequent doses and then tapered down once control has been achieved. The response to inhaled corticosteroids is delayed symptoms improve in most patients within the first 1 to 2 weeks and reach maximum improvement in 4 to 8 weeks. Maximum improvement in FEVj and PEF rates may require 3 to 6 weeks. 

Methylxanthines are no longer considered first-line therapy for COPD. Inhaled bronchodilator therapy is preferred over theophylline for COPD because of theophylline s risk for drug interactions and the interpatient variability in dosage requirements. Theophylline may be considered in patients who are intolerant or unable to use an inhaled bronchodilator. A methylxanthine may also be added to the regimen of patients who have not achieved an optimal clinical response to an inhaled anticholinergic and [i2-agonist. 

Manipulations of any kind in untrained carnivores require general anaesthesia. Sample collection was therefore performed on anaesthetised individuals. Depending on the preferences of the veterinarian, the fossas were either caught with nets or anaesthetised by a combination of injectable narcotics (Xylazine 2.5-5.0 mg/kg, Ketam-inhydrochloride 10.5-20 mg/kg and Diazepam 0.5-1.0 mg/kg) prior to anaesthesia by inhalation gases (Isoflurane 1.5-3 Vol. % and Oxygen l-2L/min) applied by facial mask. 

---