Chromatography, general principles

Schiel JE, Joseph KS, Hage DS. Biointeraction affinity chromatography general principles and recent development. Adv Chromatogr 2010 48 145—93. 

Nikolova-Damyanova, B. (1997). Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography general principles and applications to the analysis of fatty acids and triacylglycerols. In Advances in Lipid Methodology - Four, W.W. Christie (ed.). Oily Press. 

There are two types of partition chromatography that are distinguishable based upon the relative polarities of the mobile and stationary phases. In normal phase chromatography, a highly polar stationary phase is used with a relatively nonpolar mobile phase. As a general principle in normal phase chromatography, the least polar components are eluted first and, increasing the polarity of the mobile phase decreases the elution time. 

Optical Spectroscopy General principles and overview, 246, 13 absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopy of nucleic acid duplexes and triplexes, 246, 19 circular dichroism, 246, 34 bioinorganic spectroscopy, 246, 71 magnetic circular dichroism, 246, 110 low-temperature spectroscopy, 246, 131 rapid-scanning ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy applied in stopped-flow studies, 246, 168 transient absorption spectroscopy in the study of processes and dynamics in biology, 246, 201 hole burning spectroscopy and physics of proteins, 246, 226 ultraviolet/visible spectroelectrochemistry of redox proteins, 246, 701 diode array detection in liquid chromatography, 246, 749. 

In this chapter, high-performance liquid chromatography of oligomers and (high) polymers (polymer HPLC) will be briefly presented. As mentioned in Section 16.1, there exist several monographs, chapter in books, and review papers on this subject, for example [1-33], Most of them contain numerous examples of the HPLC separation and molecular characterization of particular macromolecular substances. Therefore, this chapter discusses almost exclusively the general principles of polymer HPLC and only few selected examples of practical applications will be mentioned for illustration. 

We have tried to explain the general principles of the chromatography at critical conditions applicable not only to functionality determination. In order to analyse the herterogeneities in macromolecules, it is necessary to take into account not only the relationships between the macromolecule size and the pore size of the stationary phase, but also the energy of the interaction of the molecule with the adsorbent. 

W. M. A. Niessen and A. P. Tinke, Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. General principles and instrumentation , 7. Chromatogr. 703 37-57 (1995). 

The general principle of immunoaffinity chromatography is illustrated in Fig. 1. The analyte in the sample matrix is loaded onto the column, the column is washed to remove interfering substances, and the analyte is eluted from the column for subsequent use. The column is the heart of the purification system and must bind the analyte specifically enough to allow other substances to be rinsed off the column, allow the elution of the analyte under conditions that do not elute interferences, and permit the column to be regenerated multiple times for subsequent use. 

In the final five chapters, the general principles of the first part are utilized to better understand families of techniques and specific methods. The coverage highlights electrophoretic and sedimentation techniques, field-flow fractionation, and chromatography. Future editions are expected to cover extraction and membrane methods in more detail. 

Figure 7.4 Diagram illustrating the (a) general principles and (b) methodology of size-exclusion chromatography. (Sources (a) Adapted from Sheehan, Physical Biochemistry, 2000 (b) From Voet, Voet Pratt Fundamentals of Biochemistry, 2nd edn, 2006 Voet, Voet Pratt reprinted with permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc.)...

The primary aim of this book is to provide readers interested in solid sample pretreatment with an overview of available techniques for development of this step of the analytical process. The title of the book is intended to reflect that it is mainly concerned with the dissolution or removal of target analytes from solid samples. Once they have selected the technique most closely fitting their intended purpose, readers can obtain a deeper knowledge about the technique of choice in the specialized literature — in fact, providing a thorough description of each of the wide variety of sample pretreatment techniques available at present was obviously outside the scope of a book like this. In fact, only those aspects that can be illustrated with reasonable concision are dealt with specifically in it. For identical reasons, the book does not touch on the subsequent steps of the analytical process. The authors therefore assume that the reader will be acquainted with the general principles of chromatography in its different variants, as well as with those of commonplace molecular optical and electroanalytical techniques, and atomic and mass spectrometries. 

Polar fishes, freezing resistance of, 195 12-Propanediol-water mixture dielectric constant of, 92 Protein fractionation at subzero temperatures, 77 -189 acid-base equilibria, 100-122 applications, 146-185 column chromatography, 140-141 density and viscosity changes, 82-85 dielectric constant variations, 85-99 general principles, 135-140 isoelectric focusing, 141-144 methods, 140-146 physicochemical data, 78-134 protein dissociation, 129-134 protein titration, 116-122 solubility of salts and solutes, 122-129... 

By analogy to the above technique, gas chromatography is considered a useful tool to obtain data for gas and vapor adsorption on polymeric surfaces. In contrast to liquid chromatography, the general principle of the IGC technique is well established for the characterization of polymeric materials this technique called inverse gas chromatography (IGC), enables the study of various polymeric properties, including interfacial properties (15-18). 

Niessen, W.M.A. and Tinke, A.P. (1995) Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. General principles and instrumentation,/. Chromatogr. A, 703(1-2), 37-57. 

Chromatography is a widely used method that allows the separation, identification, and determination of the chemical components in complex mixtures. No other separation method is as powerful and generally applicable as is chromatography. The remainder of this chapter is devoted to the general principles that apply to all types of chromatography. Chapters 31 to 33 deal with some of the applications of chromatography and related methods. 

As far as liquid phase chromatography on columns is concerned it is probably true to say that the division into adsorption and partition methods is of practical, rather than theoretical, significance. The importance of adsorption varies from system to system and is mentioned briefly in connection with the different supports described below. The moving phase in partition chromatography may be a liquid or a gas, and the general principles are the same in each case. 

The general principles of chromatography have been discussed in Chapter 2. However, a more detailed account in the context of GC is presented herein the reader is also referred to the Glossary for additional detail and explanations of the terminology used. The treatment of theoretical aspects is at a level which should enable the analyst to obtain maximum efficiency and performance from the system and application. 

Zweig, G. and Sherma, J. Handbook of Chromatography General Data and Principles, Vol. 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1985. 

The general principles of chromatography, which were developed in (Chapter 26. and the mathematical relationships summarized in Section 26E are applicable to GC with only minor modifications that arise from the compressibility of gaseous mobile phases. 

The general principles of weak affinity chromatography (WAC) are discussed in this entry. WAC is a subset of affinity chromatography that makes use of weak interactions for the separation or analysis of chemicals. These conditions create a situation in which isocratic elution can be used to pass an analyte through the colurtm. The theory of WAC is discussed and examples are given of ligands that can be used in this technique. Examples of applications that have made use of WAC are also presented. 

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