Membrane methods

Gutman M 1986 Application of the laser-induced proton pulse for measuring the protonation rate constants of specific sites on proteins and membranes Methods Enzymol. 127 522-38... 

A new technique referred to as the Hquid membrane method has been developed (69). Immobilized Hquid membranes are expected to become practical because of many advantages. 

Membrane methods such as RO, MF, UF, and so on, are effective for removing certain sizes of molecules from contaminated water. However, energy is required for this removal technique. 

Ahlgren, RM. Economic Production of Boiler Water through Membrane Methods, pamphlet published by Aqua-Chem Inc., Waukesha, 1970. 

Side-by-side diffusion cell (membrane method) Diffusion coefficient determination mass transport studies 10-14... 

Diffusion cell for heterogeneous systems (membrane method) Mass transport studies from emulsions 18... 

Method for semisolids (membrane method) Mass transport from water-miscible gels or water-immiscible ointment bases 22,23... 

Thin-film transport cell (membrane method) Drug transport from thin films of topical dosage forms 24... 

The selectivity here is directly proportional to complex formation constants and can be estimated, once the latter are known. Several methods are now available for determination of the complex formation constants and stoichiometry factors in solvent polymeric membranes, and probably the most elegant one is the so-called sandwich membrane method [31], Two membrane segments of different known compositions are placed into contact, which leads to a concentration polarized sensing membrane, which is measured by means of potentiometry. The power of this method is not limited to complex formation studies, but also allows one to quantify ion pairing, diffusion, and coextraction processes as well as estimation of ionic membrane impurity concentrations. 

M.M. Shultz, O.K. Stefanova, S.S. Mokrov, and K.N. Mikhelson, Potentiometric estimation of the stability constants of ion-ionophore complexes in ion-selective membranes by the sandwich membrane method theory, advantages, and limitations. Anal. Chem. 74, 510-517 (2002). 

Hanahan DJ, Ekholm JE (1974) The preparation of red cell ghosts (membranes). Methods Enzymol 31 168-172... 

Polymer Composition (Inner/Outer/Co ating) Membrane Method of Type Capsule Formation Observations... 

Conversely, the fundamentals for the UDL he on the coextraction of counterions into the membrane therefore, the membrane is no longer permselective (Donnan failure) [9]. Ideally, when the ionophores are saturated by ions, the ion-ionophore complex functions as an ion-exchanger and the membrane shows an anion Nernstian response. The UDL can be estimated from the membrane composition, formation constant and coextraction coefficients obtained from the so-called sandwich membrane method [73]. 

S. Itoh and M. Nishimura, Rate of redox reactions related to surface potential and other surface-related parameters in biological membranes, Methods Enzymol. 125, 58-86 (1986). 

Artificial Membrane Methods Used to Estimate Drug Absorption.176... 

M. K. Debe. Novel catalysts, catalyst supports and catalyst coated membrane methods. In Handbook of fuel cells Fundamentals, technology and applications. Vol. 3 Fuel cell technology and applications, ed. W. Vielstich, H. A. Gasteiger, and A. Lamm, 576 (2003). New York John Wiley Sons. 

All four systems illustrated in Fig. 4 exhibit properties differing from those of cell membranes. Methods a-c have no influence on the head groups and preserve physical properties, such as charge, charge density, etc. The fluidity of the hydrocarbon core, however, is drastically decreased by the polymerization process. In case d, fluidity is not affected, but there is no free choice of head groups. In comparison to biomembranes, all polymerized model membrane systems will show an increase in viscosity and a decrease in lateral mobility of the molecules. 

Nowadays, the chromatographic, electrophoretic, spectroscopic, biosensor, and membrane methods are the ones most commonly applied (Fig. 3) [19-23,42,43], Among the spectroscopic methods, investigators use optical rotation measurements, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The latter, as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), can... 

Bangham AD, Hill MW, Miller NGA (1973) Preparation and use of liposomes as models of biological membranes. Methods Membr Biol 1 1-68... 

Membrane methods in sample preparation Enzymatic hydrolysis... 

Kramer, A. and Schneider-Mergener, J. (1998) Synthesis and application of peptide libraries bound to continuous cellulose membranes. Methods Mol. Biol. 87, 25-39. 

In the final five chapters, the general principles of the first part are utilized to better understand families of techniques and specific methods. The coverage highlights electrophoretic and sedimentation techniques, field-flow fractionation, and chromatography. Future editions are expected to cover extraction and membrane methods in more detail. 

Whereas the unit operation concept of chemical engineering asks for a clear separation of educt preparation. chemical reaction and product separation in different units, it is obvious that better conversion and selectivity might be achieved if educts arc added at the required amount and intermediates or products arc withdrawn from the place of reaction immediately Two general alternatives arc presently under discussion to achieve this goal, membrane methods and sorptive methods The basic difference is that membrane... 

In our laboratories, extensive use has been made of vapor pressure (14-18) and membrane methods ( 2, 3, 19, 20) to Infer thermodynamic results for ternary aqueous systems containing an ionic or a nonionic surfactant and an organic solute. The most precise solubilization measurements ever reported have been obtained with an automated vapor pressure apparatus for volatile hydrocarbon solutes such as cyclohexane and benzene, dissolved In aqueous solutions of sodium octylsulfate and other Ionic surfactants (15, 16). A manual vapor pressure apparatus has been employed to obtain somewhat less precise results for solutes of lower volatility (17, 18). Recently, semi-equilibrium dialysis (19, 20) and MEUF (2) methods have been used to investigate solute-surfactant systems in which the organic solubilizates are too involatile to study by ordinary vapor pressure methods. 

Mun S, Choi SJ (2009) Optimization of the hybrid bilayer membrane method for immobilization of avidin on quartz crystal microbalance. Biosens Bioelectron 24 2522-2527... 

---