Fish, polar

Feeney, R. E., Bnrcham, T. S., and Yeh, Y, 1986. Antifreeze glycoproteins from polar fish blood. Annual Review of Biophysical Chemistry 15 59-78. 

Toxaphene accumulates in tissues of many aquatic species, especially in lipid-rich tissues of polar fish and marine mammals (Swackhamer and McConnell 1993). Toxaphene concentrations in livers of Arctic fishes of 2.9 mg/kg FW and in Canadian cod liver oil of 28 mg/kg FW are recorded... 

Holeton, G.F. (1974), Metabolic cold adaptation of polar fish fact or artefact Physiological Zoology 47,137-152. 

Polar fishes and cold-hardy beetles contrasting scenarios for freeze-avoidance. With the information we now possess on the biochemistry, mechanism of action, and evolution of THPs,... 

Raymond, J.A., and A.L. DeVries (1977). Adsorption inhibition as a mechanism of freezing resistance in polar fishes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74 2589-2593. 

Although it might at first seem surprising, this research on polar fish has attracted the attention of ice cream manufacturers. Premium-quality ice cream is smooth it does not have large ice crystals... 

II. Freezing Resistances of Polar Fish Blood Sera.193... 

The quantities of antifreeze glycoproteins required for the inhibition of the lectin and depression of the freezing temperature are <0.1 pg and > 1.0 mg, respectively that is, the lectin assay is >104 times more sensitive. The lectin therefore provides a micro method for determining the amounts of the glycoprotein in tissues and fluids of polar fishes and for studying its biosynthesis and metabolism. 

The polar cod frequents the far north Atlantic Ocean, the Barents Sea, and the Arctic Ocean, and, as such, and as its name implies, it is truly a polar fish. It is not surprising then that, when four species of fish were caught in the Barents Sea with temperatures varying from - 1.2°C to — 1.3°C at 79° N and 10-40 miles south of the southern end of a loose ice pack (frequent, but separated, small icebergs), only the polar cod was found to contain an antifreeze protein (Osuga and Feeney, 1978). This area would represent the near northern latitudes where the other three fish would go at that time and ocean temperature, while the polar cod is also found in more northern waters. 

Polar fish blood sera, freezing resistances of, 193-198... 

Polar fishes, freezing resistance of, 195 12-Propanediol-water mixture dielectric constant of, 92 Protein fractionation at subzero temperatures, 77 -189 acid-base equilibria, 100-122 applications, 146-185 column chromatography, 140-141 density and viscosity changes, 82-85 dielectric constant variations, 85-99 general principles, 135-140 isoelectric focusing, 141-144 methods, 140-146 physicochemical data, 78-134 protein dissociation, 129-134 protein titration, 116-122 solubility of salts and solutes, 122-129... 

The existence of an antifreeze-like substance in northern polar fish has been confirmed more recently by Scholander and Maggert (15), Hargens (16), and Raymond et al. (17), who found it in the saffron cod, Eleginus gracilis. An antifreeze substance also has been reported in the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) (18,19,20). Our laboratory recently has found antifreeze glycoproteins in the polar cod (Boreogadus saida) from the Barents Sea north of Russia (10). 

Fruit and vegetable growers have a similar interest They also want to prevent ice formation that damages their crops during an unusual cold wave. However, this is a very different kind of problem than keeping polar fish from freezing. Many types of fruits and vegetables are colonized by... 

Omega-3 fatty acids as DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapen-taenoic acid) are known for their wholesome impact on blood circulation. Eskimo people do not often suffer heart attacks despite of the fatty nourishment. This is due to the Omega-3 fatty acids present in the polar fish. As the glycerides cannot be distilled they are first converted into methyl- and/or ethyl-esters. Distillation... 

The congealing temperature of the blood serum of polar fish of Arctic or Antarctic regions (e. g. Trematomus borchgrevinski, Dissostichus maw-soni, Boreogadus saida) is about — 2 °C and thus is significantly lower than that of other fish (—0.6 to — 0.8 °C). Antifreeze gly-coproteins account for such low values. The amino acid sequence of this class of proteins is characterized by high periodicity ... 

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