Cholesterol desirable levels

High levels of sernm cholesterol can damage endothelial cells, althongh a better indication of the risk is provided by the serum LDL-cholesterol level. Desirable levels of serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol level are given in Table 22.2. 

Table 22.2 Optimal and desirable levels of serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels...

For persons with high LDL-cholesterol and also high plasma triglycerides, one might prefer to replace some saturated fat with monounsaturated fatty acids or polyunsaturated fatty acids. A desired level of vegetable oil intake might be 2... 

Cholesterol esters are considerably more hydrophobic than cholesterol itself. The amounts of cholesterol and cholesterol esters associated in blood lipoprotein complexes called LDL are typically about two-thirds of the total plasma cholesterol (total plasma cholesterol ranges from 130 to 260 mg/100 mL of human plasma, with the most desirable levels between 160 and 200). More than 40% of the weight of the LDL particle is cholesterol esters, and the total of esterified and free cholesterol amounts to well over half the total weight. 

Ann Jeina was carefully followed by her physician after she survived her ) heart attack. Before discharge from the hospital, after a 14-hour fast, her serum triacylglycerol level was 158 mg/dL (slighdy above the upper range of normal), and her HDL cholesterol level was low at 32 mg/dL (normal for women is >50). Her serum total cholesterol level was elevated at 420 mg/dL (reference range, <200 for a female with known CHD). From these values, her LDL cholesterol level was calculated to be 356 mg/dL (desirable level for a person with established heart disease is <100). 

The Step II diet is applied if 3 months on the Step I diet has failed to reduce blood cholesterol to the desired level (see Table 34.1). 

Obviously, individuals with higher cholesterol and LDL levels are more susceptible to these detrimental effects than those with normal cholesterol and LDL levels. Total plasma cholesterol levels less than 200 mg/dL are considered desirable. Levels above 240 mg/dL are considered high, and levels between 200 and 239 mg/dL are considered borderline. For LDL, plasma levels of less than 100 mg/dL are considered optimal, plasma levels equal to or greater than 160 are considered high, plasma levels between 130 and 159 mg/dL are considered borderline, and plasma levels between 100 and 129 are considered above optimal. Current guidelines (8,13) also recommend an LDL level below 70 mg/dL as a goal for very high-risk patients (i.e., those with multiple risk factors and known cardiovascular disease). 

This technique may also be used to assess and evaluate the cardiovascular health of patients with CHD or diabetes. It is well-known to most physicians that a considerable number of male patients with desirable levels of blood cholesterol and lipoprotein-cholesterol may have sudden cardiac arrest or other damaging cardiac conditions [12]. Conversely, physicians have been aware of patients over 65, (especially women) with high cholesterol levels > 300 mg/dl, who exhibit no indication of CHD. 

The level of total cholesterol is an indication of the risk of heart disease. Levels over 200 mg/dL are generally taken to indicate that there may be increased risk of heart disease. Similarly, HDL (high density lipoprotein), also called good cholesterol, should have levels of 60 mg/dL or higher. LDL (low density lipoprotein) is called bad cholesterol and levels of less than 100 mg/dL are desired. It is interesting to note that some dimensions arise from an artifact of habit. You probably have not encountered the deciliter in any chemistry labs but this is the customary unit used to report cholesterol levels. 

The quaHty, ie, level of impurities, of the fats and oils used in the manufacture of soap is important in the production of commercial products. Fats and oils are isolated from various animal and vegetable sources and contain different intrinsic impurities. These impurities may include hydrolysis products of the triglyceride, eg, fatty acid and mono/diglycerides proteinaceous materials and particulate dirt, eg, bone meal and various vitamins, pigments, phosphatides, and sterols, ie, cholesterol and tocopherol as weU as less descript odor and color bodies. These impurities affect the physical properties such as odor and color of the fats and oils and can cause additional degradation of the fats and oils upon storage. For commercial soaps, it is desirable to keep these impurities at the absolute minimum for both storage stabiHty and finished product quaHty considerations. 

We hear a lot these days about the relationships between saturated fats, cholesterol, and heart disease. What are the facts It s well established that a diet rich in saturated animal fats often leads to an increase in blood serum cholesterol, particularly in sedentary, overweight people. Conversely, a diet-lower in saturated fats and higher in polyunsaturated fats leads to a lower serum cholesterol level. Studies have shown that a serum cholesterol level greater than 240 mg/dL (a desirable value is <200 mg/dL) is correlated with an increased incidence of coronary artery disease, in which cholesterol deposits build up on the inner walls of coronary arteries, blocking the flow of blood to the heart muscles. 

If the total cholesterol is <200 mg/dL, then the patient has a desirable blood cholesterol level (Table 9-1). If the HDL is also >40 mg/dL, no further follow-up is recommended for patients without known CHD and who have fewer than two risk factors (Table 9-2). 

A desirable total plasma cholesterol level is considered to be less than 200 mg/dl. This value corresponds to about 130 mg LDL cholesterol/dl. Values between 200 and 239 mg/dl are classified as borderline high those above 239 mg/dl (190 mg LDL cholesterol/dl) are simply high. Type 11 heterozygotes frequently have plasma cholesterol in the range 400-600 mg/dl, very high indeed. Homozygotes, who... 

Adults-The recommended starting dose is 40 mg once/day. If a daily dose of 40 mg does not achieve desired cholesterol levels, 80 mg once/day is recommended. 

LDL, low-density lipoproteins CHD, coronary heart disease. Classification <130 mg/dL is the desirable LI3L cholesterol level 130-159 mg/dl is borderline-high-risk >160 mg/dl is high-risk. 

Hyperlipidemia, primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in patient with elevated cholesterol levels PO Initially, 40 mg/day. Titrate to desired response. Range 10-80 mg/day. 

Prepare a liposome suspension, containing MPB—PE, at a total lipid concentration of 5 mg/ml in 0.05 M sodium phosphate, 0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.2. Activation of DPPE with SMPB is described in Section 2. A suggested lipid composition for vesicle formation is PC cholesterol PG MPB—PE mixed at a molar ratio of 8 10 1 1. The presence of relatively high levels of cholesterol in the liposomal recipe dramatically enhances the conjugation efficiency of the component MPB—PE groups (Martin et al., 1990). Any method of emulsification to create liposomes of the desired size and morphology may be used (Section 1). 

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