Chlorite, 221 table

While the early oscillators were based upon bromate or iodate chemistry, the largest group of new oscillators contains a third oxyhalogen ion, chlorite. Table 1 lists the known chlorite oscillators, all of which were discovered in a stirred tank reactor (CSTR). 

The specific use appHcations of sodium chlorite varies from country to country. Important factors are the regulatory and environmental laws in effect for air and water quaUty standards. Sodium chlorite is generally priced at about four to six times the cost of sodium chlorate. The Hst price of 80% technical-grade NaC102 in January 1991 was 2.65/kg (146). In 1990, the estimated consumption of sodium chlorate for the production of sodium chlorite in Canada was about 2700 metric tons and about 9100 metric tons in the United States (74). In Western Europe, the 1990 chlorate consumption estimate was about 11,000 metric tons. A summary of 1991 U.S. and foreign sodium chlorite producer annual plant capacities in various world market areas is given in Table 3. 

Main opaque minerals are chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite and bornite (Table 2.22). These minerals commonly occur in massive, banded and disseminated ores and are usually metamorphosed. Hematite occurs in red chert which is composed of fine grained hematite and aluminosilicates (chlorite, stilpnomelane, amphibole, quartz) and carbonates. The massive sulfide ore bodies are overlain by a thin layer of red ferruginous rock in the Okuki (Watanabe et al., 1970). Minor opaque minerals are cobalt minerals (cobaltite, cobalt pentlandite, cobalt mackinawite, carrollite), tetrahedrite-tennantite, native gold, native silver, chalcocite, acanthite, hessite, silver-rich electrum, cubanite, valleriite , and mawsonite or stannoidite (Table 2.22). 

Dominant gangue minerals are quartz, muscovite, chlorite, actinolite, hornblende, epidote, and biotite (Table 2.22). Minor minerals are rutile, illite, sphene, and glauco-phane. It is interesting to note that silicate minerals such as chlorite, epidote, pumpellyite, and albite are common and actinolite has been reported from the basalt near the Ainai Kuroko deposits (Shikazono et al., 1995) and they are also common in the basic schist which host the Motoyama Kuno deposits (Yui, 1983). 

Table 10.20 Effect of surfactant addition on AOX values after chlorite bleaching of synthetic fibres [224]...

The possible benefits of prescouring to remove such contaminants should also be considered. Alkaline pretreatments, including boiling off of cotton, have a profound effect on AOX values after chlorite bleaching (Tables 10.21 and 10.22). It can be beneficial, from the viewpoint of both AOX and whiteness, to follow a chlorite bleach with a peroxide treatment. Linen yarns after an alkaline scour and chlorite bleach gave a whiteness value of 63.9 with an unacceptably high AOX value of 8.0 ppm. These results were improved to 78.5 and 1.2 ppm respectively after peroxide treatment [224]-... 

Table 10.21 Effect of washing on AOX and whiteness values before and after chlorite bleaching [224]...

Aliphatic nitro compounds are converted into the corresponding carbonyl derivatives (Table 10.16) using sodium chlorite under basic conditions in the presence of a... 

The global distribution patterns of kaolinite, chlorite, montmorillonite, and illite in pelagic sediments are listed in Table 14.3 and illustrated in Figures 14.8 through 14.11. 

The diagnostic mineralogy of sub-greenschist metamorphism and propylitic alteration of altered plutonic and volcanic rocks associated with porphyry Cu-Mo deposits in the Collahuasi district is summarized in Table 1. Chlorite and epidote originating from regional meta-... 

Geochemical analyses were conducted on unpolished thin sections 30 pm thick using micro-XRF - EDAC Eagle III mapping at the I Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi (UQAC). Use of the micro-XRF permits analyses of major element compositions with a relatively fast, nondestructive, in situ method through points or maps. The parameters (Table 1) were selected in order to optimize the speed and quality of the results on the basis of micro-probe analyses of chlorite. 

Selected LD50 values for chlorite are recorded in Table 3-2 and plotted in Figure 3-2. 

Table 3-2 Levels of Significant Exposure to Chlorine Dioxide And Chlorite - Oral... 

Information regarding the chemical identity of chloride dioxide and sodium chlorite is located in Table 4-1. Table 4-1 lists common synonyms, trade names, and other pertinent identification information for chloride dioxide and sodium chlorite. 

Table 4-1. Chemical Identity of Chlorine Dioxide and Sodium Chlorite...

Chlorate and chlorite ions are disinfection by-products (DBPs) from water treatment using chlorine dioxide. Table 6-2 contains data from four water treatment facilities in the United States that use chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant. Source water samples were also analyzed from each facility and no chlorite or chlorate ions were detected. In all water treatment plants, water taken from the distribution system (i.e., water sampled at water treatment plant) had measurable concentrations of both chlorite and chlorate ions. The ranges of concentrations were 15-740 and 21-330 pg/L for chlorite and chlorate, respectively (Bolyard et al. 1993). 

Table 6-2. Occurrence of Chlorite and Chlorate Ions in Finished Water From Utilities That Use Chlorine Dioxide... 

Table 7-1. Analytical Methods for Determining Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite in Environmental Samples... 

The international, national, and state regulations and guidelines regarding chlorine dioxide and chlorite in air, water, and other media are summarized in Table 8-1. 

Notice in Table 6-1 that all the common polyatomic ions except ammonium have a negative charge ranging between -1 and -3. You also see a number of -ite/-ate pairs, such as chlorite and chlorate, phosphite and phosphate, and nitrite and nitrate. If you look closely at these pairs, you notice that the only difference between them is the number of oxygen atoms in each ion. Specifically, the -ate ion always has one more oxygen atom than the -ite ion but has the same overall charge. 

A< Ba(Q02)2.Bcirium is an alkaline ecirth metal (Group IIA) and thus has a chcii e of -1-2. You should recognize chlorite as the name of a polyatomic ion. In fact, any anion name that doesn t end in -ide should scream polyatomic ion to you. As Table 6-1 shows, chlorite is ClOj , which reveals that the chlorite ion has a-1 charge. Two chlorite ions cire necessary to neutralize the -1-2 chcirge of a single barium cation, so the chemical formula is Ba(C102)2-... 

Table 2 gives temperatures of montmorillonite stability which are established by the experiments reported. The most important criteria used is reaction reversal this lacking, length of the experiments and variety of starting material was taken into consideration. Two points are important among micas and other phyllosilicates only kaolinite, serpentine and muscovite are stable to very low temperatures. All trioctahedral 2 1 structures break down to expandable phases at low temperatures (bio-tites) or to 1 1 structures plus expandable phase (chlorites). 

Redox Reactions and Valence States. The proposed reduction of Tc and U to the tetravalent state is indirectly indicated from the distribution measurements in non-oxidizing systems (c.f. Figure 2 and Table VII). By the addition of 10-20 mg/1 of Fe (c.f. Table II) a drastic increase of the distribution coefficient was observed both for Tc and U. Minerals like magnetite and chlorite also seem to have some reducing effect even after a short contact time. 

The nodules are found in gray-black commercial slate having fine grain size, uniform color and texture, and well developed slaty cleavage. Such slate occurs in thick strata marked only by thin black bands ( ribbons ) of somewhat coarser texture, and by rare, disseminated knots, siliceous nodules of foreign material. The slate is a mixture of quartz, illite, chlorite, caldte, and muscovite, with minor amounts of pyrite, carbonaceous matter, and heavy mineral grains. The dark color is attributed to finely disseminated carbon and pyrite. An analysis of the slate is given in Table I. 

Gmelin, Syst Nr 6(1927), 300(Gives a table listing solid chlorites)... 

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