Chlorine dioxide determination

Hollowell DA, Gord JR, Gordon G, et al. 1986. Selective chlorine dioxide determination using gas-diffusion flow injection analysis with chemiluminescent detection. Anal Chem 58 1524-1527. 

D. A. Hollowell, J. R. Gord, G. Gordon, and G. E. Pacey, Selective Chlorine Dioxide Determination Using Gas-Diffusion Flow Injection Analysis with Chemiluminescence Detection. Anal. Chem., 58 (1986) 1524. 

Chlorine dioxide gas is a strong oxidizer. The standard reversible potential is determined by the specific reaction chemistry. The standard potential for gaseous CIO2 in aqueous solution reactions where a chloride ion is the product is —1.511 V, but the potential can vary as a function of pH and concentration (26) ... 

Chlorine dioxide uses expanded rapidly in the industrial sector. In 1944, chlorine dioxide was first applied for taste and odor control at a water treatment plant in Niagara Falls, New York. Other water plants recognized the uses and benefits of chlorine dioxide. In 1958, a national survey determined that 56 U.S. water utilities were using chlorine dioxide. The number of plants using chlorine dioxide has grown more slowly since that time. 

The concentration of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and total oxidants was determined on site using a portable colorimeter (Palintest Photometer 5000) and a modification of the DPD test in which any chlorine species are complexed with glycine to ensure only chlorine dioxide reacts with DPD. The chlorite and total oxidants are then determined on a fresh sample by acidification and neutralisation in the presence of potassium iodide. The initial dose level was set at 0.3ppm chlorine dioxide injected in the water feed to the cold... 

Recently the data concerning to interaction of propanthiole with chlorine dioxide in 8 solvents have been published [1], In this work it was shown, that the dependence of process rate from solvents properties is satisfactory described for seven solvents, after the exclusion of data for ethyl acetate, by the Koppel-Palm four parameters equation (coefficient of multiple correlation R 0,96) at determining role of medium polarity (coefficient of pair correlation between lg(k) and (s - l)/(2e + 1) - r 0.90). Chemical mechanism of the reaction including the formation of ion-radical RS H and radical RS has been proposed by authors [ ] ... 

Determination of Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite Ion in Drinking Water using Lissamine Green B and Horseradish... 

Hwang, E. S., Cash. J.N., and Zabik, M.J. Determination of degradation products and pathways of mancozeb and ethylene-thionrea (ETU) in solutions due to ozone and chlorine dioxide treatments. J. Agric. FoodChem., 51(5) 1341-1346, 2003. 

During all membrane exposures, concentrations of halogens and chlorine dioxide were periodically monitored by "wet chemical methods". Halogens were determined by the DPD colorimetric method described in references [13] and [14]. Chlorine dioxide at reasonably high concentrations (>10 ppm) can be determined by direct colorimetry [] ]. The intrinsic green color appears to obey Beer s law. At lower concentration levels, this chemical is determined by the DPD method. 

Analytical Methods for Determining Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite in Environmental... 

If you are exposed to chlorine dioxide and chlorite, many factors determine whether you ll be harmed. These factors include the dose (how much), the duration (how long), and how you come in contact with them. You must also consider the other chemicals you re exposed to and your age, sex, diet, family traits, lifestyle, and state of health. 

IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORITE ... 

Although no medical tests are available to determine whether you have been exposed to chlorine dioxide or chlorite, exposure to very large amounts may result in damage to red blood cells that may be observed through routine blood tests. 

Section 104(I)(5) of CERCLA, as amended, directs the Administrator of ATSDR (in consultation with the Administrator of EPA and agencies and programs of the Public Health Service) to assess whether adequate information on the health effects of chlorine dioxide and chlorite is available. Where adequate information is not available, ATSDR, in conjunction with the National Toxicology Program (NTP), is required to assure the initiation of a program of research designed to determine the health effects (and techniques for developing methods to determine such health effects) of chlorine dioxide and chlorite. 

No methods for determining chlorine dioxide in biological materials were located. Most studies concerning human health effects measure the concentrations of chlorine dioxide in the air or in water. The measurement of chlorine dioxide in biological materials is not commonly used because of the rapid conversion of chlorine dioxide to chlorine-containing metabolites, such as chlorite and chloride ions. 

Spectrophotometry (or colorimetry) has been used to measure chlorine dioxide in water using indicators that change colors when oxidized by chlorine dioxide. Spectrophotometric analyzers determine the concentration of chlorine dioxide by measuring the optical absorbance of the indicator in the sample solution. The absorbance is proportional to the concentration of the chlorine dioxide in water. Indicators used for this technique include jV,jV-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine, chlorophenol red, and methylene blue (APHA 1998 Fletcher and Hemming 1985 Quentel et al. 1994 Sweetin et al. 1996). For example, chlorophenol red selectively reacts with chlorine dioxide at pH 7 with a detection limit of 0.12 mg/L. The interferences from chlorine may be reduced by the addition of oxalic acid, sodium cyclamate, or thioacetamide (Sweetin et al. 1996). 

Bjdrkholm E, Hultman A, Rudling J. 1988. Determination of chlorine and chlorine dioxide in workplace air by impinger collection and ion-chromatographic analysis. J Chromatogr 457 409-414. 

Fletcher IJ, Hemmings P. 1985. Determination of chlorine dioxide in potable waters using ehlorophenol red. Analyst 110(6) 695-699. 

Hekmat M, Smith R, Fung P. 1994. An evaluation of the occupational health and safety administration method for the "determination of chlorine dioxide in workplace atmosphere." Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 55(11) 1087-1089. 

Hollowell DA, Pacey GE, Gordon G. 1985. Selective determination of chlorine dioxide using gas diffusion flow injection analysis. Anal Chem 57 2851-2854. 

Hui C, Gaizhen W, Li Y. 1997. Extraction spectrophotometric determination of trace chlorine dioxide with methylene blue. Anal Lett 30(7) 1415-1421. 

Kim J, Marshall MR, Du WX, et al. 1999. Determination of chlorate and chlorite and mutagenicity of seafood treated with aqueous chlorine dioxide. J Agric Food Chem 47 3586-3591. 

Limoni B, Choshen E, Rav-Acha C. 1984. Determination of oxidants formed upon the disinfection of drinking water with chlorine dioxide. J Environ Sci Health Part A, A19(8) 943-957. 

Nowak B, Buchs U, Kaiser H-P, et al. 1999. New methods for the determination of chlorine dioxide species in drinking water. Proceedings of the water quality technology conference, 1145-1161. 

Poovey HG, Rando RJ. 1995. Determination of chlorine and chlorine dioxide by non-suppressed ion chromatography and application to exposure assessment in the paper industry. J Liquid Chromatogr 18(2) 261-275. 

Quentel F, Elleouet C, Madec C. 1994. Electrochemical determination of low levels of residual chlorine dioxide in tap water. Anal Chim Acta 295 85-91. 

Sweetin DL, Sullivan E, Gordon G. 1996. The use of chlorophenol red for the selective determination of chlorine dioxide in drinking water. Talanta 43 103-108. 

---