Chlorine world production

There are a relatively small number of producers of halogenated flame retardants, especially for brominated flame retardants, where three producers account for greater than 80% of world production. Table 10 gives estimates of the volumes of brominated and chlorinated flame retardants used worldwide. Volumes of flame retardants consumed in Japan have been summarized (61). Prices of halogenated flame retardants vary from less than 2.00/kg to as high as 13.00/kg. Cost to the user depends on the level of use of the specific flame retardant and other factors such as the use of stabilizers. 

U.S. chlorine trifluoride production is several metric tons per year. Most of the product is used in nuclear fuel processing. A large production plant for chlorine trifluoride was operated in Germany during World War II with a reported capacity of 5 t/d (106,107). As of 1993, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. was the only U.S. producer. The 1992 price was ca 100/kg. 

Uses. AEyl chloride is industrially the most important aHyl compound among all the aHyl compounds (see Chlorocarbons and CHLOROHYDROCARBONS, ALLYL CHLORIDE). It is used mosdy as an intermediate compound for producing epichlorohydrin, which is consumed as a raw material for epoxy resins (qv). World production of AC is approximately 700,000 tons per year, the same as that of epichlorohydrin. Epichlorohydrin is produced in two steps reaction of AC with an aqueous chlorine solution to yield dichloropropanol (mixture of 1,3-dichloropropanol and 2,3-dichloropropanol) by chlorohydrination, and then saponification with a calcium hydroxide slurry to yield epichlorohydrin. 

World production of Bra in 1990 was about 438 000 tonnes pa, i.e. about one-hundredth of the scale of the chlorine industry. The main producing countries are (tonnes) USA 177000, Israel 135 000, Russia 60000, UK 28 000, France 18 000 and Japan 15 000. The production capacity of Israel has recently increased almost threefold because of expanded facilities on the Dead Sea. Historically, bromine was shipped in individual 3-kg (net) bottles to minimize damage due to breakage, but during the 1960s bulk transport in monel metal drums (100-kg capacity) or lead-lined tanks (24 or 48 tonnes) was developed and these are now used for transport by road, rail and ship. The price of Bra in tank-car lots was 975/kg in 1990. 

The third reaction product, hydrogen, is usually not utilized in chlor-aUcali electrolysis. Current annual world production of chlorine by electrolysis is over 30 that of alkali is 35 megatons, and it increases by 2 to 3% per year. This industry consumes about 100 billion kilowatthours of electrical energy per year. 

EIeinrich Buetefisch Production chief for gasoline, methanol and chlorine electrolysis production. World s greatest synthetic-gasoline scientist. Lieutenant colonel in the S.S. Member of the board of directors of synthetic-oil and explosive companies in Russia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Yugoslavia, Rumania, and Hungary. 

U.S. consumption pattern 1999, 3 619t U.S. producers, 3 610t vapor-phase nitration of, 17 257 vinyl chloride reactions with, 25 632 world production by country, 3 611-612t Benzene-based catalyst technology, 15 500 Benzene-based fixed-bed process technology, 15 505-506 Benzene chlorination process, of phenol manufacture, 18 751 m-Benzenedisulfonic acid, 3 602 p-Benzenedisulfonic acid, 3 602 Benzene feedstock, 23 329 Benzene hexachloride, 3 602 Benzene manufacture, toluene in, 25 180-181... 

When Molina and Rowland made their prediction in 1974, world production of CFCI3 and CF2CI2 was approximately 0.3 and 0.5 Mton respectively fluorocarbon production in the US was growing by 8.7% per year around 1970 [27]. Six years later, and every year since then, the predicted ozone hole was detected over Antarctica, when the chlorine concentration in the same atmospheric layer was approximately 2000 pmol mol [29]. After this dear evidence of the deleterious effects of CFC, in 1987 this class of substance and most bromofluorocarbons were banned from further industrial use in the Montreal Protocol (ratified by the first 29 states in 1989). Because of the decade-long lifetime of stratospheric CFC, their phasing-out can be expected to show an effect no earlier than approximately 2040. 

In addition to the management of the forest, great strides have been taken to salvage all waste wood, bark, chippings, sawdust and waste pulp so that it can be turned into fuel for the upkeep of the paper mill itself. Rain forest hardwoods make very weak, poor paper or board and are not used. The use of chlorine-based products for the bleaching process has virtually died out in Scandinavia, but remains in some other parts of the world. 

The estimated world production in the period 1930 to 1974 is about 1.2 X 10 tons," of this about one third has been released into the environment without any precautions regarding toxic effects on biota and any care to prevent environmental pollution. This has led to the widespread occurrence of PCBs aU over the world, even in remote areas. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), under the provisions of the Toxic Substances Control Act, specifically banned most of the uses of PCBs in 1997. Current releases of PCBs are mainly as a result of the cycle of these persistent contaminants from soil to air and back to soil again. Other possible sources of contamination, such as leaching, occurs. Moreover, PCBs can be unintentionally produced as by-products in a wide variety of chemical processes which contain chlorine and hydrocarbon sources, during water chlorination, and by thermal degradation of other chlorinated organics. ... 

Out of the many chlorinated derivatives, vinyl chloride has been a focus of interest since its carcinogenic effects were discovered. Approximately 6% of its world production is assumed to escape into the atmosphere. Vinyl chloride is used for the production of different plastics and methylchloro-form, and it is added to mixtures for the production of special packing materials. Until recently it has been used as a medium in aerosol sprays. The imission concentrations in the vicinity of production sources (0 to 8 km) are generally below 2.6 ng m. In the literature, there are only few data about its atmospheric reactions. It is very probable that it participates in photooxidation reactions in the presence of nitrogen oxides. Carbon monoxide formaldehyde, formic acid and HCl are products of its photooxidation. 

The world production of chlorine, as of 1990, is about 43 min tons [1]. More than 70% of chlorine produced, is known to be spent for production of chlororganic compounds. For example, according to the reaction of chlorination of etliylene (addition)... 

Since then, several membrane-cell technologies were developed in Japan, as a pollution-free chlor-alkali process. Japanese contributions include composite membranes and several electrolyzer designs. Japan was the first major chlorine producing country to convert entirely to membrane cell technology. As of January 2003, 35% of world production of chlorine is by membrane-cell technology, generating 52,000 metric tons caustic/day. 

The world production capacity of chlorine reached 53 million tons in 2002 from approximately 22 million tons in 1970 [1-7] and is expected to increase to 65 million tons by the year 2015 [8]. In this chapter, the major manufacturing processes and the factors affecting the growth pattern of the chlor-alkali industry are presented. 

Chlorine is produced not only by the electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions but also from HCl, KCl, and other metal chlorides, by both chemical and electrochemical methods. The amount of chlorine from alternative processes is about 5.9% of the total world production. In the United States, it was about 4.0% of the total in 2002 [1]. Most of this chlorine was from the electrolysis of KCl in mercury or membrane cells (Table 15.1) and from HCl. Only small amounts are produced by the electrolysis of other metal chlorides. 

Chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) are among the top ten chemicals produced in the world. They are involved in the manufacturing of a wide variety of products (e.g., pharmaceuticals, detergents, deodorants, disinfectants, herbicides, pesticides and plastics). In 2010, the world production of chlorine amounted to approximately 50 ktons/year. 

The world production of chlorine amounted in 1983 between 28 and 30 million tons, with an equivalent amount (similar) of caustics. The chlorine-alkali electrolysis consumed in that year 90 billion kWh of electric energy and produced about 10 billion dollars in market value. It represents a striking example of the effect electrochemical science has on technology, since three breakthroughs in recent years have resulted in major improvements in its environmental acceptability and major energy saving. 

The chlor-alkali industry [16,17] has been one of the great drivers for innovation in electrochemical technology. The reason for this is clear worldwide, chlorine is manufactured on a scale of some 50 million tons per year at approximately 700 sites, and uses some 15 GW of electrical energy (1-2% of world production). Only a marginal improvement in energy consumption, a more convenient cell operation (less component replacement and/or cell down time), or exit streams closer to the traded forms of the products... 

Of the industrial activities under the heading of process engineering the chloralkali industry is probably the most important. Chlorine world capacity in 1985 was estimated as 43 million metric tons and total world production in 1983 as 31 million tons. Over 80% of the chlorine produced is used to produce other chemicals. Large-tonnage products associated with chlorine include caustic soda and soda ash (anhydrous sodium carbonate). 

PCBs are human-made compoimds that were produced from around 1930 in complex mixtures. They were marketed imder various trade names (e.g., Acelor, Aroclor, Clophen, Delor, Fenclor, Kanechlor, Montar, Phenoclor, Sovol, and Turbinol) and had different mean chlorine contents. They were used in numerous applications such as dielectric fluid in capacitors and transformers, hydraulic and heat transfer fluids and additives in pesticides, paints, and photocopy paper [30,65]. Their total world production has been estimated at more than 1.3 million tons and significant quantities have been released into the environment [39]. 

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