Japanese contributions

By 1988 the Japanese market share for NC machine tools, as well as for robots, was 50% worldwide. The Japanese entrance into the NC field had an important influence on similar activity in the USA by providing important competition. In addition to NC machines and control motors, Fanuc is also a leader in the area of robotics, which it entered in 1978. 

In his autobiography Management of a Company in the Advanced Information Age by S. Inaba, U. Tokyo Press, 1987), Dr. Inaba stresses the following principles of management  

With Dr. Inaba, we have a well-trained engineer with remarkable management skills. This is an imusual combination. In most cases, there are strengths in one of these areas only. One of the objectives of this book is to make those in management involved with engineers more conversant with engineering and the relation between engineering and science. 

The project took only two years. The U.S. patent, filed in 1967, was granted in 1974, and the first calculators were sold in Japan (the Pocketronic) in the late 1970s by Canon for 395, under a license from TI. In 1972 TT produced its four function Data Math (TT 2500) that used a 

In 1972 Hewlett-Packard (HP) introduced its Scientific Calculator (HP 32S, Fig. 15.5). This greatly extended the range to include logarithms, trigonometric functions, numbers raised to powers, and memory imits, all to over 10 significant figures with a price of 400. Soon after the HP 32S appeared, TI produced a similar scientific calculator (Fig. 15.6). 

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Yamasaki, T. Ishii (Narahashi), T. Botvu-Kagaku (Scientific Insect Control. 1954, 19, 106-112 English translation in "Japanese Contributions to the Study of the Insecticide-Resistance Problem" Kyoto University for the WHO, 1957 pp. 176-183. 

Finally, the chemical, bacteriological and clinical aspects of the nitrofurans are reviewed in Chapter 6 with special emphasis on the significant Japanese contribution to this field. Research continues unabated in an effort to discover a drug which retains the very desirable antibacterial properties of the existing nitrofurans but which lacks some of the disadvantages that limit their clinical application. 

Since then, several membrane-cell technologies were developed in Japan, as a pollution-free chlor-alkali process. Japanese contributions include composite membranes and several electrolyzer designs. Japan was the first major chlorine producing country to convert entirely to membrane cell technology. As of January 2003, 35% of world production of chlorine is by membrane-cell technology, generating 52,000 metric tons caustic/day. 

Application of active control of civil structures from practical aspects has been pioneered in Japan. Multiple earthquake loadings and strong-wind effects on tall buildings enforced the realization of new techniques. Synopses of practical examples are given in the Japanese contributions in [188] and [189]. In this section, some practical solutions will be explained. 

Sun F, Tsuritani 1, Yamada Y Contribution of genetic polymorphisms in ethanol-metabolizing enzymes to problem drinking behavior in middle-aged Japanese men. Behav Genet 32 229—236, 2002... 

The prominent role played by Japanese investigators in carbohydrate science is underscored by the two substantial chapters by Japanese authors in the current volume. This volume also pays tribute to one of the greatest Japanese carbohydrate scientists, Hamao Umezawa, in the obituary article contributed by Tsuchiya, Maeda, and Horton. Hamao Umezawa dedicated his entire, extraordinarily productive career to the development of antibiotics his innovative contributions are exemplified by his chapter in Volume 30 of this series on the biochemical mechanism of inactivation of aminoglycoside antibiotics. 

An overall osteoprotective effect is associated with soy diets, the major active component being the isoflavones although the contribution (if any) of soy protein has to be clarified. The spine, rather than the femur, appears to be the most consistently protected bone site. The average daily intake in Japanese women is around 50 mg/day and appears to be sufficient to have a long-term protective effect on the spine. In non-Asian, postmenopausal women, the demonstrated effective dose is 80-90 mg/day. In future clinical studies, investigating the effect of isoflavones on bone metabolism, larger scale, randomized, controlled, intervention trials for longer time periods (1-3 years) will be necessary with a standardized source of soy protein/isoflavones and... 

Several active geothermal systems in Japanese Islands are associated with precious- and base-metal mineralization. Base metal mineralization takes place from hot springs containing high chloride concentration probably due to the contribution of seawater. Precious-metal mineralization occurs in the Osorezan hot springs which are characterized by neutral pH, high H2S concentration, and low salinity. These chemical features are similar to those of epithermal precious metal vein-type deposits in Japan. 

Some steroid molecules (estrone, estradiol, and estriol) have phenolic hydroxyl in the ring A (Figure 29.12) and therefore, are able to react as free radical scavengers. In 1987, Japanese authors [264,265] showed that all these compounds inhibited iron adriamycin- or iron ADP-ascorbate-dependent phospholipid and liposomal lipid peroxidation. Later on, most attention was drawn to the study of antioxidative properties of estradiol-17(3 (estrogen E2) it has been proposed that E2 antioxidant activity may contribute to cardioprotection observed after estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women. The necessity for the phenolic hydroxyl has been shown by studying the effects of several estrogens on LDL oxidation. It was found [266]... 

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