Chlorine tank cars

Chlorine tank car manway, four angle valves, safety relief valve, packing gland leaks, installing valve hoods and outlet valve nuts, yoke assemblies, and checking tank car pressure. 

Recormnended Practices for Handling Chlorine Tank Cars 3 2001... 

Pneumatically Operated Valve for Use on Chlorine Tank Cars 1 1996... 

The Chlorine Institute (P93) also describes a pneumatically operated valve (POV) for use on chlorine tank cars. This is a dual assembly including an angle globe valve with external bellows seal and a spring-loaded ball check valve. The main features of the POV that distinguish it from the standard manual angle valve are ... 

Chlorine Tank Car Marking, Drawing No. 167, Issue 5, The Chlorine Institute, Inc., Washington, DC (2001). 

Usually, chlorine tank cars are filled at low temperature and pressure. The inherent pressure of the vapor in the tank car is normally sufficient to accomplish withdrawal of the liquid chlorine to the process, but sometimes, especially during the winter, the car is air padded to accomplish liquid withdrawal. When air padding is required, introduce only clean, oil-free, cooled, dry compressed air into the tank car through its vapor valve. 

Containers or valves should never be altered or repaired by unauthorized personnel. Use only reducing valves and gaskets designed for chlorine. Consult the chlorine manufacturer for details. The Chlorine Institute has compiled industry recommendations for chlorine tank cars in Pamphlet 66, Chlorine Tank Car Loading, Unloading, Air Padding, Hydrostatic Testing [12]. 

Pamphlet 66 Chlorine Tank Car Loading, Unloading, Air Padding, Hydrostatic Testing [12]... 

The Chlorine Institute, Instruction Booklets, Chlorine Institute Emergency Kit A for 100-lb, and 150-lb. Chlorine Cylinders, Kit B for Chlorine Ton Containers, Kit C for Chlorine Tank Cars and Tank Trucks , Ed. 8, 1996. 

Chemical Transportation Chlorine Tank Cars, Freight Cars., Government Owned and Contractor Operated, Total. 

Chlorine is stored and transported as a Hquefied gas in cylinders of 45.4-kg or 68-kg capacity that are under pressure and equipped with fusible-plug rehef devices. Quantities in the range of 15 to 90 t are transported in tank cars having special angle valves on the manhole cover on top of the vessel. Tank barges of the open-hopper type having several cylindrical uninsulated pressure vessels are used for amounts ranging from 600 to 1200 t. Road tankers are used for capacities of 15 to 20 t. 

World production of Bra in 1990 was about 438 000 tonnes pa, i.e. about one-hundredth of the scale of the chlorine industry. The main producing countries are (tonnes) USA 177000, Israel 135 000, Russia 60000, UK 28 000, France 18 000 and Japan 15 000. The production capacity of Israel has recently increased almost threefold because of expanded facilities on the Dead Sea. Historically, bromine was shipped in individual 3-kg (net) bottles to minimize damage due to breakage, but during the 1960s bulk transport in monel metal drums (100-kg capacity) or lead-lined tanks (24 or 48 tonnes) was developed and these are now used for transport by road, rail and ship. The price of Bra in tank-car lots was 975/kg in 1990. 

Most of the byproduct HCl is used captively, primarily in oxyhydrochlorination processes for making vinyl chloride and chlorinated solvents or for Mg processing (p, 110), The scale of the industry is enormous for example, 5,2 million tonnes of HCl per annum in the US alone (1993), HCl gas for industrial use can be transmitted without difficult over moderate distances in mild-steel piping or in tank cars or trailers. It is also available in cylinders of varying size down to laboratory scale lecture bottles containing 225 g. Aqueous hydrochloric acid consumption (1993) was 1,57 Mt (100% basis). Price for anhydrous HCl is 330/tonne and for 31,4% aqueous acid 73/tonne (1993) depending on plant location and amount required. 

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has found much evidence to indicate the probable cause of the January 6, 2005, collision and derailment of Norfolk Southern train 192 in Graniteville, South Carolina, was the failure of the crew of Norfolk Southern train P22 to return the main line switch to the normal position after the crew completed work at an industry track. Contributing to the severity of the accident was the puncture of the ninth car in the train, a tank car containing chlorine, which resulted in the release of poison gas. 

Chlorine is also widely used in industrial applications. In water/wastewater treatment, for example, it is used in the disinfection unit process. Large quantities of chlorine gas (stored in one-ton cylinders or railroad tank cars) used in these treatment processes is a major concern of those tasked with ensuring plant security. 

Deaths of target organisms associated with intentional pesticide applications to insect-infested crops, weed-choked roadsides, and nematode-laced fields are predictable, desirable, and relatively easy to measure. Likewise, catastropic releases of chlorine from ruptured tank cars or of crude oil from scuttled supertankers may produce a spectrum of biological effects including toxicity. These events are easily associated with exposures to toxic substances and particular environmental circumstances. 

From time to time, railroad tank cars are involved in accidents that will leak liquid or gaseous chlorine that, when escaping into the air, forms toxic chlorine compounds. This is extremely dangerous, both as a fire hazard and for human health. When water is used to flush away the escaping chlorine, it may end up as hydrochloric acid, which can be hazardous to the water supply and to aquatic life. 

La Barre, Los Angeles USA 1961 Chlorine 1 died in the cloud of 27.5 tonnes released from a rail tank car TOX... 

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