Ferrous iron oxidation

Halfmeier, H, Schafer-Treffenfeldt, W., andReuss, M., Potential ofThiobacillus ferrooxidans for Waste Gas Purification. Part 2. Increase in Continuous Ferrous Iron Oxidation Kinetics Using Immobilized Cells, / / / /. Microbiol. 

Suzuki, I., H. M. Lizama, and P. D. Tackaberry. 1989. Competitive inhibition of ferrous iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans by increasing concentrations of cells. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55 1117-1121. 

A number of investigators have attempted to construct kinetic models of the light-mediated transformations of iron in natural waters. For example, Miller et al. [98] used a relatively simple scheme incorporating LMCT, reduction of inorganic Fe(III) by superoxide, ferrous iron oxidation and superoxide disproportionation to model the generation and decay of ferrous iron and... 

Widdel E., Schnell S., Heising S., Ehrenreich A., Assmus B., and Schink B. (1993) Ferrous iron oxidation by anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Nature 362(6423), 834-836. 

Hauck S., Benz M., Brune A., and Schink B. (2001) Ferrous iron oxidation by denitrifying bacteria in profundal sediments of a deep lake (Lake Constance). FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 37, 127-134. 

Straub K. L. and Buchholz-Cleven B. E. E. (1998) Enumeration and detection of anaerobic ferrous iron-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacteria from diverse European sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 4846-4856. 

Straub K. L., Rainey F. A., and Widdel F. (1999) Rhodovulum iodosum sp. nov. and Rhodovulum robiginosum sp. nov., two new marine phototrophic ferrous-iron-oxidizing purple bacteria. Int. J. Systemat. Bacteriol. 49, 729-735. 

Breed A. W. and Hansford G. S. (1999) Effects of pH on ferrous-iron oxidation kinetics of Leptospirillium ferro-oxidans in continuous culture. Biochem. Eng. J. 3, 193-201. 

Nordstrom D. K. (1985) The rate of ferrous iron oxidation in a stream receiving acid mine effluent. In Selected Papers in the Hydrogeological Sciences. US Geol. Surv. Water-supply, paper 2270, pp. 113-119. 

Osaki, S., Kinetic Studies of Ferrous Iron Oxidation with Crystalline... 

An historical perspective of the iron bacteria has been given and over the years geomicrobiologists have studied a variety of bacteria concerned with iron transformations. The absence of pure culture techniques and modern technical sophistication has prevented the clear elucidation of those organisms attacking iron for use as a major nutrient. It is remarkable that it took from 1888, when the concept of chemoautotrophy was advanced by Winogradsky, until 1950 before the existence of a bacterium which is able to grow at the expense of ferrous iron oxidation was unequally demonstrated (Colmer et al., 1950). 

Brock, T.D., Cook, S., Petersen, S. and Mosser, J.L., 1976. Biogeochemistry and bacteriology of ferrous iron oxidation in geothermal habitats. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 40 493—500. 

Leathen, W.W., Braley, S.A. and McIntyre, L.D., 1953. The role of bacteria in the formation of acid from certain sulfuric constituents associated with bituminous coal. II. Ferrous iron oxidizing bacteria. Appl. Microbiol., 1 65—68. 

Tuovinen, O.H. and Kelly, D.P., (1974 (a) (b) (c). Studies on the growth of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. II. Toxicity of uranium to growing cultures and tolerance conferred by mutation, other metal cations and EDTA. Arch. Mikrobiol., 95 153—164. III. Influence of uranium, other metal ions and 2,4-dinitrophenol on ferrous iron oxidation and carbon dioxide fixation by cell suspensions, ibid, 95 165—180. IV. Influence of monovalent metal cations on ferrous iron oxidation and uranium toxicity in growing cultures, ibid, 98 167—174. 

In addition to ferrous iron, ferric iron can be very abundant in acid drainage solutions, especially where the activity of ferrous iron-oxidizing prokaryotic microorganisms is high (see below for details). In fact, the observed iron speciation may be largely determined by the balance between microbial ferrous iron oxidation rates and the rates at which ferric iron is reduced by oxidation of sulfide, sulfur, and sulfoxy species. 

Reactions in a single phase are said to be homogeneous. Examples of experimentally observed homogeneous reaction rates in aqueous solution for carbon dioxide hydration, and ferrous iron oxidation in water are presented in Tables 9.2 and 9.3, respectively. The overall reaction is presented first, followed by the reaction rate equation and then some suggestions for a reaction mechanism that shows the connection between these two. The reaction mechanism is sometimes a h5T)othesis if it is not based on experimental evidence. 

Table 9.3. I Ferrous iron oxidation by oxygen above pH = 5...

Below about pH 3.5, ferrous iron oxidizes in streams according to the overall reaction... 

Kim, a. G. 1968. An experimental study of ferrous iron oxidation in acid mine water. Proc. 2d symp. coal mine drainage research, pp. 40-45. Monroeville, PA Bituminous Coal Research, Inc. 

During the thermally driven differentiation of the Earth into core-mantle-crust, numerous reactions would have produced oxidized forms of iron, sulfur and carbon. These would have contributed to the redox chemistry in the early planet development. Volcanic and hydrothermal emission of sulfur dioxide, SO2, delivered oxidants to the oceans and atmosphere. Photodissociation of water vapor in the atmosphere have undoubtedly provided a small but significant source of molecular oxygen. Furthermore, UV-driven ferrous iron oxidation could have been coupled to the reduction of a variety of reactants, for instance, CO2 (Figure 16). 

Elbehti A, Brasseur G, Lemesle-Meunier D (2000) First evidence for existence of an uphill electron transfer through the bcY and NADH-Q oxidoreductase complexes of the acidophilic obligate chemolithotrophic ferrous iron-oxidizing bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. J Bacterid 182 3602-3606... 

Onysko SJ, Kleinmann RLP, Erickson PM (1984) Ferrous iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferro-oxidans inhibition with benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and sodium lauryl sulfate. Appl Environ Microbiol 48 229-231... 

Vernon LP, Mangum JH, Beck JV, Shafia FM (1960) Studies on a ferrous-iron-oxidizing bacterium II. Cytochrome composition. Arch Biochem Biophys 88 227-231 Verstraete W, Alexander M (1973) Heterotrophic nitrification in samples of natural ecosystems. Environ Sci Technol 7 39-42... 

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