Chlorine, chemical warfare

English physicist and electrochemist Michael Faraday in 1823. You can make it by bubbling chlorine gas through calcium chloride solution at 0°C the hydrate comes down as feathery white crystals. In the winter of 1914, the Geiman army used chlorine in chemical warfare on the Russian front against the soldiers of the Tsar. They were puzzled by its ineffectiveness not until spring was deadly chlorine gas liberated from the hydrate, which is stable at cold temperatures. 

One of the products of the reaction of sulfur with chlorine is disulfur dichloride, S2C12, a yellow liquid with a nauseating smell it is used for the vulcanization of rubber. When disulfur dichloride reacts with more chlorine in the presence of iron(III) chloride as a catalyst, the foul-smelling red liquid sulfur dichloride, SC12, is produced. Sulfur dichloride reacts with ethene to give mustard gas (16), which has been used in chemical warfare. Mustard gas causes blisters, discharges from the nose, and vomiting it also destroys the cornea of the eye. All in all, it is easy to see why ancient civilizations associated sulfur with the underworld. 

C06-0107. Phosgene (CI2 C I O) is a highiy toxic gas that was used for chemical warfare during World War I. Use the bond energies in Table 6 2 to estimate the energy change that occurs when carbon monoxide and chlorine combine to make phosgene. C I 0(g) + Cl2(g) CI2 C I 0(g)... 

During World War I, Haber helped to develop the technology for deploying phosgene, chlorine, and mustard gas as weapons of chemical warfare. His wife Clara, also a chemist, was disgusted by the use of science in war. When her husband refused to stop his support of the war effort, she committed suicide. 

Fritz Haber is a major contributor to human welfare through finding the means to convert elemental nitrogen into ammonia. That is the heroic side of Fritz Haber. He is also known as the father of chemical warfare based on his development of chlorine as a lethal gas during World War 1. Haber was Germany s tsar of gas warfare. He went to the front personally to oversee the placement of chlorine tanks as gas warfare weapons. 

Uses/Sources. Intermediate in organic synthesis, especially production of toluene diisocyanate and polymethylene poly-phenylisocyanate in metallurgy to separate ores by chlorination of the oxides and volatilization occurs as a product of combustion whenever a volatile chlorine compound comes in contact with a flame or very hot metal originally manufactured as an agent for chemical warfare during World War I... 

Modern chemical warfare began with the German gas attack at Ypres, France on April 22, 1915, when 5700 cylinders filled with chlorine gas, were blown against French and Canadian trenches. This first gas attack was... 

Arsenic Trichloride(Arsenious Chloride), AsC13 mw 181.28, col oily liq, fr p -18°, bp 130.2°, d 2.16 at 25°, vap pres 10mm at 24° sol in w, ale, eth or oils. It is formed when arsenic burns in chlorine, or by distilling a mixt of As trioxide with HC1, or by heating As203 with sulfur chloride in a current of chlorine. It is used in ceramics, in the prepn of pharmaceuticals, and in the prepn of chloro defivs of arsine (qv) or chemical warfare agents (CWA s)(qv). See Vol 1, p A491... 

CL. US military designation for chlorine when used as a Chemical Warfare Agent. See Vol 2, pC167-L... 

A highly toxic gas that has been used in chemical warfare gives the following elemental analysis figures 12.1% carbon, 16.2% oxygen, and 71.7% chlorine by mass. Its molar mass is 98.9 g-moU1. Write the Lewis structure of this compound. 

Addnl Refs 1) M.F. Smith, Hazardous Materials Transportation. Part I. General Studies (A Bibliography with Abstracts) , NTIS, Spring-field (1976), (NTIS/PS-76/0331/9WK). [The transportation of expls, rocket propints, chemical warfare agents, industrial chemicals, liquefied natural gas, chlorine, and other hazardous materials are covered. All means of transportation are described] 2) L.W. Bierlein, Red Book on Transportation of Hazardous Materials , UNZ Co, 190 Baldwin Ave, Jersey City, NJ 07036(1977), 65... 

Considered uncivilised prior to the First World War, it could be argued that the development and use of chemical warfare was necessitated by the requirements of wartime armies to find new ways of overcoming the stalemate of unexpected trench warfare.5 Old gases such as chlorine were used, and newer gases such as mustard were developed, and successfully used, as a terror weapon meant to instil confusion and panic amongst the enemy prior to an offensive. 

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