Chemical warfare agents chlorine

By the end of the WWI, some 124,200 tons of chemical warfare agents (chlorine, phosgene, mustard, etc.) had been released, causing at least 1.3 million casualties of which more than 90,000 were fatal. The threat of the use of CWAs led to the development of protective means not only for humans, but also for horses and dogs. The effectivity of CWs in comparison with classic munition was evident 1 ton of classic explosives caused 4.9 casualties 1 ton of chemical munition caused 11.5 casualties and 1 ton of yperite caused 36.4 casualties (Bajgar, 2006). 

Arsenic Trichloride(Arsenious Chloride), AsC13 mw 181.28, col oily liq, fr p -18°, bp 130.2°, d 2.16 at 25°, vap pres 10mm at 24° sol in w, ale, eth or oils. It is formed when arsenic burns in chlorine, or by distilling a mixt of As trioxide with HC1, or by heating As203 with sulfur chloride in a current of chlorine. It is used in ceramics, in the prepn of pharmaceuticals, and in the prepn of chloro defivs of arsine (qv) or chemical warfare agents (CWA s)(qv). See Vol 1, p A491... 

CL. US military designation for chlorine when used as a Chemical Warfare Agent. See Vol 2, pC167-L... 

Addnl Refs 1) M.F. Smith, Hazardous Materials Transportation. Part I. General Studies (A Bibliography with Abstracts) , NTIS, Spring-field (1976), (NTIS/PS-76/0331/9WK). [The transportation of expls, rocket propints, chemical warfare agents, industrial chemicals, liquefied natural gas, chlorine, and other hazardous materials are covered. All means of transportation are described] 2) L.W. Bierlein, Red Book on Transportation of Hazardous Materials , UNZ Co, 190 Baldwin Ave, Jersey City, NJ 07036(1977), 65... 

Chlorine is used in the manufacture of many products, as a bleaching compound for residential and commercial use, and as a biocide for municipal water and waste treatment (i.e., purifying and disinfecting water, detinning and dezincing iron) (Budavari 1989). It also was used as chemical-warfare agent in World War I (Withers and Lees 1987). 

DANC Solution. This is a 6.25% soln of RH-195 (l,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin) in acetylene tetrachloride (tetrachloroethane, Cl CH.CH.Clj)-Because of the corrosive nature of the DANC soln its components are packed separately in a dual -compartmented container and are combined just before use. The solv is the most toxic chlorinated org compd known, being 10 times as toxic as CCl,j, and less than 20 drops ingested can cause death DANC solution is a satisfactory decontaminant, in small-scale operations, for mustard,gas (See WD in Vol 2, p C168-L under Chemical Agents or Chemical Warfare Agents)... 

Chemical Warfare Agents See Anthrax Arsenical Vomiting Agents Bio Warfare and Terrorism Toxins and Other Mid-Spectrum Agents Blister AgentsA/esicants Botulinum Toxin BZ Chlorine. 

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