Chlorinated potash

Electrolytic plant producing caustic potash, chlorine, and hydrogen from brine. 

Chlorine Caustic Soda Chlorine Caustic Potash ) Chlorine Sodium Soda Ash ) Chlorine Magnesium Chlorine, Caustic Soda Caustic Potash... 

Chlorine from Potassium Hydroxide Manufacture. One of the coproducts during the electrolytic production of potassium hydroxide employing mercury and membrane ceHs is chlorine. The combined name plate capacity for caustic potash during 1988 totaled 325,000 t/yr and growth of U.S. demand was expected to be steady at 2% through 1990 (68). 

The U.S. domestic commercial potassium nitrate of the 1990s contains 13.9% N, 44.1% I+O, 0—1.8% Cl, 0.1% acid insoluble, and 0.08% moisture. The material is manufactured by Vicksburg Chemical Co. using a process developed by Southwest Potash Division of AMAX Corp. This process uses highly concentrated nitric acid to catalyze the oxidation of by-product nitrosyl chloride and hydrogen chloride to the mote valuable chlorine (68). The much simplified overall reaction is... 

Dead Sea Works Process. The Dead Sea Works, a subsidiary of Israel Chemicals Ltd., aimounced plans ia 1992 to constmct a 25,000 t/yr magnesium plant at Beer-Sheva, Israel. The plant, to be based on Russian camaHite technology, is designed to use an existing potash plant as the source of camaHte. The chlorine by-product can be either Hquefted and sold, or used ia an existing bromine plant. Waste streams from the camaHite process, as well as spent electrolyte from the electrolytic cells, can be returned to the potash plant. 

Preparation and Manufacture. Magnesium chloride can be produced in large quantities from (/) camalhte or the end brines of the potash industry (see Potassium compounds) (2) magnesium hydroxide precipitated from seawater (7) by chlorination of magnesium oxide from various sources in the presence of carbon or carbonaceous materials and (4) as a by-product in the manufacture of titanium (see Titaniumand titanium alloys). 

Inorga.nicNIa.teria.ls. These include acids (sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric, and phosphoric), bases (caustic soda, caustic potash, soda ash, sodium carbonate, ammonia, and lime), salts (sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, and sodium sulfide) and other substances such as chlorine, bromine, phosphoms chlorides, and sulfur chlorides. The important point is that there is a significant usage of at least one inorganic material in all processes, and the overall toimage used by, and therefore the cost to, the dye industry is high. 

Chlor-jod, n. iodine chloride, specif, iodine monochloride, -kali, n. chloride of potash (potassium hypochlorite) potassium chloride. -kalilOsung, /. Pharm.) solution of chlorinated potassa, Javelle water, -kalium, n. potassium chloride. 

Chlorine, hydrogen, caustic soda, and sometimes caustic potash are coproducts of the electrolysis of saturated aqueous solutions of sodium chloride called brine. The overall chemical reaction is given as... 

Inorganic chemicals and fertilizers include acids (e.g., sulfuric, nitric) and alkalies (e.g., caustic soda, soda ash), chlorine, ammonia, and ammonia-derived fertilizers. They also include fluorine derivatives (e.g., hydrogen fluoride), phosphates, potash, pigments (e.g., titanium dioxide), and certain metals such as mercury. 

Bromine (Br) is the most important genetic trace element for potash within salt deposits. Bromide minerals do not form during the crystallization of salts from seawater rather bromine tends to accumulate with increasing brine concentration and occurs only as a trace in solid solution as a substitute for chlorine in the precipitating chloride minerals. 

When added to a dilute solution of caustic soda or caustic potash, it forms [Sb(OH)6] ion in the solution, from which the sodium or potassium salt, NaSb(OH)e or KSb(OH)6 crystaUizes out. It forms two adducts with ammonia, a red triammine, SbCls 3NHs, and a colorless tetraammine, SbCls 4NHs. SbCls dissociates on heating to trichloride and chlorine dissociation comenc-ing around 120°C and completing at 300°C. 

The metal reacts with chlorine at 300°C forming niobium pentachloride, NbCls. It reacts with hot concentrated hydrochloric acid, also forming the pentachloride. Niobium dissolves in hot concentrated sulfuric acid at 170°C. Fused alkalies such as caustic soda and caustic potash attack niobium, embrittling the metal. 

Potassium chlorate also can be prepared by passing chlorine gas into a hot solution of caustic potash ... 

Rubidium hydroxide is used as a catalyst in oxidative chlorination. It also may be used as a powerful base, stronger than caustic potash, in many preparative reactions. The compound holds promising apphcations as an electrolyte in storage batteries for use at low temperatures. 

Castner turned his interest to gold extraction, which required high-quality sodium hydroxide. Castner developed a three-chambered electrolytic cell. The two end chambers contained brine and graphite electrodes. The middle chamber held water. The cells were separated excepted for a small opening on the bottom, which contained a pool of mercury that served as the cell s cathode. When current flowed through the cell and the cell was rocked, sodium reduced from the brine came into contact with water in the middle cell to produce a sodium hydroxide solution. As Castner built his mercury cell, Kellner was working on a similar design. Rather than compete with each other, Castner and Kellner joined forces to establish the Castner-Kellner Alkali Company to produce sodium hydroxide, which competed with soda ash and potash as an industrial base, and chlorine, which was used primarily to make bleach. 

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