Chlorides, anhydrous metal chloride

Industrial use of HCl gas for the manufacture of inorganic chemicals includes the preparation of anhydrous NH4CI by direct reaction with NH3 and the synthesis of anhydrous metal chlorides by reaction with appropriate carbides, nitrides, oxides or even the free metals themselves, e,g, ... 

The first weU-characterized organometallic compounds of the lanthanides or actinides were the tricyclopentadienides of various lanthanide ions S3mthesized by Birmingham and Wilkinson in 1954 (97—98). Anhydrous metal chlorides were reacted with sodium cyclopentadienide in tetrahydrofuran as follows ... 

Simple homoaryls of the lanthcmides [129) are stable and are prepared by the low temperature reaction of the anhydrous metal chloride with the appropriate hthium reagent in THF ... 

During the period 1965-1975 the chemistry of the 1,2-dithiolene complexes of the transition metals was the subject of considerable study.86,87,91-98 However, during this period of great activity few complexes of the early transition metals were reported aside from those of vanadium. The problem had much to do with synthetic procedures, since reaction of, say, the anhydrous metal chlorides with the dithiolene or its sodium salt did not prove successful. However, the use of metal dialkylamides99 did result in clean reactions (e.g. equation 21). 

Supports used for obtaining Ziegler-Natta catalysts can differ essentially from one another. Some of the supports may contain reactive surface groups (such as hydroxyl groups present in specially prepared metal oxides) while others do not contain such reactive functional groups (such as pure anhydrous metal chlorides). Therefore, the term supported catalyst is used in a very wide sense. Supported catalysts comprise not only systems in which the transition metal compound is linked to the support by means of a chemical covalent bond but also systems in which the transition metal atom may occupy a position in a lattice structure, or where complexation, absorption or even occlusion may take place [28]. The transition metal may also be anchored to the support via a Lewis base in such a case the metal complexes the base, which is coordinatively fixed on the support surface [53,54]. 

The current primary method for production of lithium is by electrolysis. Spodumene, the most plentiful lithium bearing ore, is beneficiated to 3 to 5% Li20 and heated to 1000°C to convert it from its alpha form to its beta form. The beta form is treated with sulfuric acid to form Li2S04. The Li2S04 is water-soluble and is leached and reacted with sodium carbonate to form lithium carbonate. The lithium carbonate is then reacted with hydrochloric acid to form lithium chloride. Anhydrous lithium chloride is used to produce lithium metal by electrolysis (Austin 1984). 

LnCp3 complexes, where Ln = Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Er, and Yb have been synthesized by the reaction of anhydrous metal chloride with sodium cyclopentadienide in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature [1],... 

It can be prepd either by interaction of nitroform with trinitroethylacrylate or by the esterification of trinitroethanol with trinitro-butylchloride in presence of an anhydrous metal chloride (such as A1C13) as a catalyse,... 

The thionyl halides hydrolyze in water to give sulfin dioxide and HX. A common inorganic application of this reaction is for the preparation of anhydrous metal chlorides (although it can lead to difficulties for some metal chlorides). Industrially, thionyl chloride is used for the preparation of anhydrous metal halides and oxyhalides as well as in organic transformations, where it converts hydroxyl groups to chlorides. Over 50000 tonnes a year are manufactured. 

Bis(triarylphosphoranylidene)sulfamides and iV ,iV-dialkyl-iV -(triarylphosphoranylidene)-sulfamides, synthesis 30 Chlorine (I) nitrate, synthesis 33 Anhydrous metal chlorides, synthesis 35 Complexes of rhenium(V), synthesis 38... 

BioHioCNH2R, and BioHioCH has been reported. The syntheses are based on two general reactions very closely related to the preparative methods recently described for the [3]-l,2-dicarbaundecahydroundecaboranyl [ (3)-l,2-dicarbollyl ] sandwich complexes (1) the reaction of NasBioHioCH and an anhydrous metal chloride, and (2) the reaction of CsBioHisCH, aqueous sodium hydroxide, and a metal chloride. Complexes of Fe(III), Co(III), and Ni(IV) with the three types of monocarbon carborane anions indicated above can be conveniently prepared by the aqueous route. The preparations of CssNi-(BioHioCH)2 and (BioHioCNH3)2Ni by this route are described here. 

Lee, S.A., Park, K.W., Kwon, B.K., and Sung, Y.E., Method of preparing platinum alloy electrode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cell using anhydrous metal chloride, U.S. Patent apphcation 20,010,027,160, Oct. 4, 2001. 

The use of boron tribromide or triiodide as a convenient reagent for converting an anhydrous metal chloride into the appropriate heavier halide was introduced in 1967. ... 

Despite its molecular simplicity, the known inorganic chemistry of COCIF is even more scant than that of phosgene. Only one coordination compound is known and, in particular, there appear to be no reports of the reactions of COCIF with metal oxides, even though phosgene has been used, industrially, to prepare many anhydrous metal chlorides from the corresponding oxides. 

See also Preparation of metal derivatives of 1,3-diketones, synthesis 29 Anhydrous metal chlorides, synthesis 43... 

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