Chloride dietary requirement

Amounts of dietary sodium in excess of the kidney s ability to dilute and to excrete it in the urine leads directly to hypertension and indirectly to coronary heart disease and stroke. Although sodium chloride is required at about 1 g day, a typical Western diet, in fact, may contain from 8 to 12 g day. If renal transport is impaired, sodium ion accumulates and the osmotic pressure of the blood rises. Dietary reduction of salt can ameliorate some but not all of the problems. A wide variety of low-salt food products is now available. 

Sodium chloride [7647-14-5] is an essential dietary component. It is necessary for proper acid—base balance and for electrolyte transfer between the iatra-and extracellular spaces. The adult human requirement for NaCl probably ranges between 5—8 g/d. The normal diet provides something ia excess of 10 g/d NaCl, and adding salt duting cooking or at the table iacreases this iatake. 

All patients with ascites require counseling on dietary sodium restriction. Salt intake should be limited to less than 800 mg sodium (2 g sodium chloride) per day. More stringent restriction may cause faster mobilization of ascitic fluid, but adherence to such strict limits is very difficult. Patients usually respond well to sodium restriction accompanied by diuretic therapy.14,22,31,32 The goal of therapy is to achieve urinary sodium excretion of at least 78 mEq (78 mmol) per day.22 While a 24-hour urine collection provides this information, a spot urine sodium/ potassium ratio greater than 1.0 provides the same information and is much less cumbersome to perform. 

Whether dietary fiber is required for the health of the colonocylcs has not been proven, although evidence suggests such a requirement Absorption of salts and water is a major function of the large intestine. Short-chain fatly adds stimulate the absorption of sodium, chloride, and water in the colon (Hoverstad, 1986). in the absence of short-chain fatty acids, the mucosa of the colon may become inflamed or atrophied. 

The Food and Nutrition Board has removed the three electrolytes from its table of estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake because sufficient information is not available to establish a recommended amount. The major dietary source of sodium and chloride is table salt (40% sodium and 60% chloride). Physicians still recommend that the intake of sodium be restricted to 1-2 g daily. The recommended intake of chloride is approximately 1.7-5.1 g daily. However, getting enough sodium and chloride is not a problem. In fact, sodium intake in the United States is about 5-7 g/day, far in excess of the 1-2 g/day required by a normal adult. 

For an adult, the minimum required daily dose is 500 mg sodium and 2000 mg potassium for children under 1 year old, 120 200 mg Na and 500-700 mg K and for children 19 years old, 225 00 mg Na and 1000-1600 mg K. The actual amounts of sodium intake are often considerably higher. Approximately 75% of dietary sodium comes from sodium chloride or sodium hydrogen glutamate (monosodium glutamate) used in food technology and culinary processing. With the exception of manual workers, the amount of dietary sodium should not be greater than 2.4 g per day (6 g NaCl). 

The determination of arsenic in urine samples to determine exposure requires the hyphenation of hydride generation with ICP-MS. This is because total arsenic analysis, which has been vastly improved with the introduction of CCT and the removal of the ArCl interference, still includes some arsenic species that are present in urine as a result of seafood contributions. The reduction of As +, DMA and MMA (dimethylarsinic acid and monomethylarsonic acid) to As " " with L-cysteine and hydrochloric acid and subsequent hydride generation by mixing with sodium borohydride will measure all the arsenic species except arsenobetaine and arsenocholine. The hydride gas line can be simply connected to the spray chamber (replacing the nebuliser gas) and arsenic is measured using a dry plasma. The hydride generator system removes both the chloride interference (because only the AsHs gas enters the plasma) and the dietary component of exposure (because AB and AC are not reduced to As +). 

Calcium Adequate calcium intake is required to maintain bone mineral density and reduce the risk of osteoporosis in the elderly. In addition to the reduced absorption of calcium by elderly people that results from age-related changes in vitamin D metabolism, the elderly also show a reduced ability to increase the efficiency of calcium absorption as an adaptive response to low-calcium diets. Also, as noted earlier, the low-acid conditions resulting from atrophic gastritis can reduce calcium absorption. Dietary calcium reacts with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to form soluble calcium chloride, which is absorbed in the small intestine. In the United States, the recommended calcium intake is 1200mg/day for men and women older than age 70. Many elderly people may benefit from calcium supplements. 

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