Calcium chloride solubility

Figure 2.64 Calcium chloride solubility on a larger scale (Seidell, 1958).

Martynova, O. I., Samoilov, Y. F., and Kurtova, I. S. (1966). Calcium Chloride Solubility in Steam at Supercritical Conditions. Izv. Akad. Nouk SSSR, Energ. Transpp. 5, 129-134. 

The phycocoUoids of Chlorophyceae are not yet in the same league as those of Rhodophyceae or Phaeophyceae, but an evaluation of sea lettuce (Ulva sp.), responsible for green tides, showed that after the addition of boric acid and calcium chloride, soluble polysaccharides from several spedes of Ulva yielded gels that may have economic potential (Lahaye and Axelos, 1993). 

Deliquescence and efflorescence. A substance is said to deliquesce (Latin to become liquid) when it forms a solution or liquid phase upon standing in the air. The essential condition is that the vapour pressure of the saturated solution of the highest hydrate at the ordinary temperature should be less than the partial pressure of the aqueous vapour in the atmosphere. Water will be absorbed by the substance, which gradually liquefies to a saturated solution water vapour will continue to be absorbed by the latter until an unsaturated solution, having the same vapour pressure as the partial pressure of water vapour in the air, is formed. In order that the vapour pressure of the saturated solution may be sufficiently low, the substance must be extremely soluble in water, and it is only such substances (e.g., calcium chloride, zinc chloride and potassium hydroxide) that deliquesce. 

In the isolation of organic compounds from aqueous solutions, use is frequently made of the fact that the solubility of many organic substances in water is considerably decreased by the presence of dissolved inorganic salts (sodium chloride, calcium chloride, ammonium sulphate, etc.). This is the so-called salting-out effect. A further advantage is that the solubility of partially miscible organic solvents, such as ether, is considerably less in the salt solution, thus reducing the loss of solvent in extractions. 

By treatment with anhydrous aluminium chloride (Holmes and Beeman, 1934). Ordinary commercial, water-white benzene contains about 0 05 per cent, of thiophene. It is first dried with anhydrous calcium chloride. One litre of the dry crude benzene is shaken vigorously (preferably in a mechanical shaking machine) with 12 g. of anhydrous aluminium chloride for half an hour the temperature should preferably be 25-35°. The benzene is then decanted from the red liquid formed, washed with 10 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution (to remove soluble sulphur compounds), then with water, and finally dried over anhydrous calcium chloride. It is then distilled and the fraction, b.p. 79-5-80-5°, is collected. The latter is again vigorously shaken with 24 g. of anhydrous aluminium chloride for 30 minutes, decanted from the red liquid, washed with 10 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution, water, dried, and distilled. The resulting benzene is free from thiophene. 

An alternative method for isolating the n-butyl ether utilises the fact that n-butyl alcohol is soluble in saturated calcium chloride solution whilst n-butyl ether is slightly soluble. Cool the reaction mixture in ice and transfer to a separatory fimnel. Wash cautiously with 100 ml. of 2-5-3N sodium hydroxide solution the washings should be alkaline to litmus. Then wash with 30 ml. of water, followed by 30 ml. of saturated calcium chloride solution. Dry with 2-3 g. of anhydrous calcium chloride, filter and distil. Collect the di-n-butyl ether at 139-142°. The yield is 20 g. 

Docusate Calcium. Dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate [128-49-4] (calcium salt of l,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)ester butanedioic acid) (11) is a white amorphous soHd having the characteristic odor of octyl alcohol. It is very slightly soluble in water, and very soluble in alcohol, polyethylene glycol 400, and com oil. It may be prepared directly from dioctyl sodium sulfo succinate dissolved in 2-propanol, by reaction with a methan olic solution of calcium chloride. 

A Phenylamino)phenol. This phenol (17) is slightly soluble ia ethanol, diethyl ether, acetone, benzene, and water. The compound is made by heating resorciaol and aniline at 200°C ia the preseace of aqueous phosphoric acid or calcium chloride. Ia another process, 3-amiaophenol is heated with aniline hydrochloride at 210—215°C (181). 

Strontium chloride [10476-85-4] SrCl2, is similar to calcium chloride but is less soluble in water (100.8 g in 100 mL water at 100°C). The anhydrous salt forms colorless cubic crystals with a specific gravity of 3.052 and a melting point of 873°C. Strontium chloride is used in toothpaste formulations (see... 

Chlorine. Nearly all chlorine compounds are readily soluble in water. As a result, the major reservoir for this element in Figure 1 is the ocean (5). Chloride, as noted earHer, is naturally present at low levels in rain and snow, especially over and near the oceans. Widespread increases in chloride concentration in mnoff in much of the United States can be attributed to the extensive use of sodium chloride and calcium chloride for deicing of streets and highways. Ref. 19 points out the importance of the increased use of deicing salt as a cause of increased chloride concentrations in streams of the northeastern United States and the role of this factor in the chloride trends in Lake Ontario. Increases in chloride concentration also can occur as a result of disposal of sewage, oil field brines, and various kinds of industrial waste. Thus, chloride concentration trends also can be considered as an index of the alternation of streamwater chemistry by human development in the industrialized sections of the world. Although chlorine is an essential element for animal nutrition, it is of less importance for other life forms. 

Calcium chloride (anhydrous) [10043-52-4] M 111.0, m 772 , b >1600 , d 2.15. Available as fused granules or cubic crystals. It is very hygroscopic. Very soluble in H2O (exothermic), and EtOH. Store in a tightly closed container. 

Calcium and/or Magnesium with Cation Exchanger (Insoluble) + Sodium Chloride (Soluble) = Sodium Cation Exchanger (Insoluble) + Calcium and/or Magnesium Chlorides (Soluble). 

Calcium chloride is the most common nonregenerative reagent used to dry low molecular weight refinery streams to moderately low dew points. Anhydrous potassium or sodium hydroxide have also been used at times to dry liquefied petroleum gas. Sodium chloride is used most commonly to remove entrained and some soluble water from middle distillate streams. 

Determination of soluble sodium chloride. By entering the graph in Figure 4-109 with the Ib/bbl of calcium chloride at the correct volume percent of water (by retort) line, the maximum amount of soluble sodium chloride can be found. If the sodium chloride content determined in Step 2 is greater than the maximum soluble sodium chloride determined from Figure 4-108, only the soluble portion should be used for calculating the total soluble salts. 

Sea-water contains considerable amounts of soluble salts, particularly sodium chloride, which is present in concentrations from 1 to 25 7o. The North Sea, for example, contains about 3% sodium chloride, 0-47% magnesium sulphate, magnesium chloride and O-l calcium chloride. 

For example, sodium chloride continues to dissolve in water at 20°C until the concentration is about six moles per liter. The solubility of NaCl in water is 6 M at 20°C. In contrast, only a minute amount of sodium chloride dissolves in ethyl alcohol at 20°C. This solubility is 0.009 M. Even in a single liquid, solubilities differ over wide limits. The solids calcium chloride, CaCl2, and silver nitrate, AgNOa, have solubilities in water exceeding one mole per liter. The solid called silver chloride, AgCl, has a solubility in water of only 10 5 mole per liter. 

When two solutions are mixed, a precipitate may form. For example, suppose solutions of calcium chloride, CaCl2, and sodium sulfate, Na2S04, are mixed. The mixture contains both calcium ions, Ca+1, and sulfate ions, S04-2, so solid calcium sulfate may form. The solubility product permits us to predict with confidence whether it will or not. 

As a result of the decomposition, calcium chloride and other soluble impurities pass into solution, while tungstic acid, together with silica and undecomposed scheelite, remain in the residue. The technical grade tungstic acid thus obtained is purified using the ammonia-cal method. 

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