Chitosans nasal

Stoker DG, et al. Analgesic efficacy and safety of morphine-chitosan nasal solution in patients with moderate-to-severe pain following orthopedic surgery. Pain Med 2008 9 3-12. 

Keywords Chitosan Nanoparticles Microspheres Chemically modified chitosans Polyelectrolyte complexes Oral and nasal administration Nerve, cartilage and bone regeneration Wound dressing... 

The nasal tissue is highly vascularized and provides efficient systemic absorption. Compared with oral or subcutaneous administration, nasal administration enhances bioavailability and improves safety and efficacy. Chitosan enhances the absorption of proteins and peptide drugs across nasal and intestinal epithelia. Gogev et al. demonstrated that the soluble formulation of glycol chitosan has potential usefulness as an intranasal adjuvant for recombinant viral vector vaccines in cattle [276]. 

Hamman et al. [281,282] tested five trimethyl chitosans with different degrees of quaternization as nasal delivery systems the degree of quaternization had a major role in the absorption enhancement of this polymer across the nasal epithelia in a neutral environment. 

Wu J, Wei W, Wang LY, Su ZG, Ma GH (2007) A thermosensitive hydrogel based on quatemized chitosan and polyethylene glycol) for nasal drug delivery system. Biomaterials 28 2220-2232. 

Tengamnuay P, Sahamethapat A, Sailasuta A, Mitra AK (2000) Chitosans as nasal absorption enhancers of peptides comparison between free amine chitosans and soluble salts. Int J Pharm 197 53-67. 

A. H. Krauland, V. M. Leitner, V. Grabovac, and A. Bernkop-Schnurch. In vivo evaluation of a nasal insulin delivery system based on thiolated chitosan. J Pharm Sci 95 2463-2472 (2006). 

E. Gavini, A. B. Heqqe, G. Rassu, V. Sanna, C. Testa, G. Pirisino, J. Karlsen, and P. Giunchedi. Nasal administration of carbamazepine using chitosan microspheres in vitro/in vivo studies. Int J Pharm 307 9-15 (2006). 

Ilium et al. [49] evaluated chitosan solutions as delivery platforms for nasal administration of insulin to rats and sheep. They reported a concentration-dependent absorption-enhancing effect with minimal histological changes of the nasal mucosa in all concentrations applied. 

Femandez-Urrusuno et al. (1999) investigated the potential of chitosan (MW <50,000-130,000 DD 70-87%) nanoparticles as a system for improving the systemic absorption of insulin following nasal instillation. Nanoparticles prepared by ionotropic gelation with tripolyphosphate... 

Fernandez-Urrusuno, R., Calvo, P., Remunan-Lopez, C., Vila-Jato, J. L., and Alonso, M. J. (1999). Enhancement of nasal absorption of insulin using chitosan nanoparticles. Pharm. Res. 16,1576-1581. 

Lim, S.T., et al. 2002. In vivo evaluation of novel hyaluronan/chitosan microparticulate delivery systems for the nasal delivery of gentamicin in rabbits. Int J Pharm 231 73. 

Chitosan is a cationic polysaccharide produced from the deacetylation of chitin, a component of crab and shrimp shells [7,57,58], Chitin is composed of units of 2-deoxy-2-(acetylamino) glucose joined by glycosidic bonds that form a linear polymer. Ilium et al. [7,57,58] demonstrated the ability of chitosan to increase the bioavailability of insulin and other small peptides and polar macromolecules in different animal models. In both the sheep and rat models, the addition of chitosan at concentrations of 0.2%-0.5% to nasal formulations of insulin resulted in significant increases in plasma insulin and reductions in blood glucose. Reversibility studies indicated that the effect of chitosan on the nasal absorption of insulin... 

Ilium, L., V. Dodane, and K. Iqbal. 2002. Chitosan technology to enhance the effectiveness of nasal drug delivery. Drug Deliv Tech 2 40. 

Varshosaz, J., H. Sasrai, and R. Alinagari. 2004. Nasal delivery of insulin using chitosan microspheres. J Microencapsul 21 761. 

Aspden, T.J., L. Ilium, and O. Skaugrud. 1996. Chitosan as a nasal delivery system Evaluation of insulin absorption enhancement and effect on nasal membrane integrity using rat models. Eur J Pharm Sci 4 23. 

Femandez-Urrasuno, R., et al. 1999. Enhancement of nasal absorption of insulin using chitosan nanoparticles. Pharm Res 16 1576. 

Ilium, L., et al. 2000. Novel chitosan based delivery systems for the nasal administration of a LHRH-analogue. STP Pharma Sci 10 89. 

Dyer, A.M., et al. 2002. Nasal delivery of insulin using novel chitosan based formulations A comparative study in two animal models between simple chitosan formulations and chitosan nanoparticles. Pharm Res 19 998. 

Ilium, L., N.F. Farraj, and S.S. Davis. 1994. Chitosan as a novel nasal drug delivery system for peptide drugs. Pharm Res 11 1186. 

Ilium and coworkers (1994) reported at first that chitosan is able to promote the transmucosal absorption of small polar molecules as well as peptide and protein drugs across nasal epithelia. Immediately afterwards Artursson and collaborators (1994) reported that chitosan can increase the paracellular permeability of [14C]mannitol (a marker for the paracellular route) across Caco-2 intestinal epithelia. 

A slightly different approach is to deliver the active drug in a dry powder carrier system, for example microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxyethyl starch, cross-linked dextran, microcrystalline chitosan, carbomer, pectin, or alginic acid. The polymer absorbs water upon contact with the nasal mucosa and swells to become a viscous gel, often demonstrating bioadhesive properties. Such systems can remain in the nasal cavity for as long as six hours. For example, the bioavailability in rats of the somatostatin analogue, octreotide, was shown to be enhanced by the co-administration of alginic acid and cross-linked dextran as dry powders. 

Chitosan An amino polysaccharide made by deacetylation of chitin. Its mucoadhesive properties make it ideal for oral and nasal administration (71-73)... 

Aspden, T. J., Adler, I, Davis, S. S., Skaugrud, Q., and Ilium, L. 1995. Chitosan as a nasal delivery system evaluation of the effect of chitosan on mucociliary clearance rate in the frog palate model. Int. I. Pharm.,122, 69. 

Fernandez-Urrusuno R, Romani D, Calvo P, Vila-Jato JL, Alonso MJ (1999) Development of a freeze-dried formulation of insulin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles intended for nasal administration. S.T.P. Pharma Sci 9 429-436... 

Chitosan is a linear cationic polysaccharide made up of copolymers of glucosamine and A-acetylglucosaminc. It is commercially obtained by alkaline deacetylation of chitin [53, 68] and has been used for the nasal delivery of a number of drugs. The usefulness of chitosan in the enhancement of nasal absorption was reported first by Ilium [69]. Later, Ilium and his group also published experimental results indicating that solution formulations with 0.5% chitosan promoted the absorption of nasally administered insulin in rat and sheep [70]. 

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