Nasal delivery systems

Ilium (1991) demonstrated protein absorption from bioadhesive starch microspheres containing insulin or HGH delivered intranasally in experiments conducted in sheep. 

Wearley (1991) described work by Osewein and Patton on an HGH aerosol formulation delivered by a nebulizer. A formulation tested in hypophysectomized rats demonstrated equivalent growth to that obtained with a subcutaneous injection. 

The authors gratefully acknowledge the help of Harriet Maguire and Jackie White for typing the chapter and the editors for their encouragement and patience. 

Abdel-Meguid, S. S., Shieh, H. S., Smith, W. W., Dayringer, B. N., Violand, B. N., and Bentle, L. A. 1987, Three dimensional structure of genetically engineered variant ofporcine growth hormone, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84 6434-6437. 

Bomford, R., and Holder, A. T., 1991, Physiologically active compositions of growth hormone and serum albumin or IgG, U.S. Patent 5,045,312 (Burrou Wellcome Co., 

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Hamman et al. [281,282] tested five trimethyl chitosans with different degrees of quaternization as nasal delivery systems the degree of quaternization had a major role in the absorption enhancement of this polymer across the nasal epithelia in a neutral environment. 

J. Wang, Y. Tabata, and K. Morimoto. Aminated gelatin microspheres as a nasal delivery system for peptide drugs Evaluation of in vitro release and in vivo insulin absorption in rats. J Control Release 113 31-37 (2006). 

Amidi M, Romeijn SG, Borchard G, Junginger HE, Hennink WE, Jiskoot W (2006) Preparation and characterization of protein-loaded N-trimethyl chi-tosan nanoparticles as nasal delivery system. J Control Release 111(1-2) 107-116. 

Forbes B, Lim S, Martin GP, Brown MB (2002) An in vitro technique for evaluating inhaled nasal delivery systems. STP Pharma Sci 12 75-79. 

Hallworth, G. W., Padfield, J. M. Comparison of the regional deposition in a model nose of a drug discharged from metered-aerosol and metered-dose nasal delivery systems. J Allergy Clin Immunol 77(2) 348-353 (1986). 

Abd El-Hameeda, M.D., and I.W. Kellaway. 1997. Preparation and in vitro characterisation of mucoadhesive polymeric microspheres as intra-nasal delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 44 53. 

In comparison to the skin, the buccal mucosa offers higher permeability and faster onset of drug delivery, whereas the key features which help it score over the other mucosal route, the nasal delivery system, include robustness, ease of use, and avoidance of drug metabolism and degradation. The buccal mucosa and the skin have similar structures with multiple cell layers at different degrees of maturation. The buccal mucosa, however, lacks the intercellular lamellar bilayer structure found in the stratum corneum, and hence is more permeable. An additional factor contributing to the enhanced permeability is the rich blood supply in the... 

Harris, A.S., et al. 1988. Effect of viscosity on particle size, deposition and clearance of nasal delivery systems containing desmopressin. J Pharm Sci 77 405. 

Yyas, S.P., S.K. Goswami, and R. Singh. 1995. Liposomes based nasal delivery system of nifedipine Development and characterisation. Int J Pharm 118 23. 

Aspden, T.J., L. Ilium, and O. Skaugrud. 1996. Chitosan as a nasal delivery system Evaluation of insulin absorption enhancement and effect on nasal membrane integrity using rat models. Eur J Pharm Sci 4 23. 

Ilium. L., Farraj, N.F. and Davis, S.S. (1994) Chitosan as a novel nasal delivery system for peptide drugs. Pharm. Res. 11 1186-1189. 

Aspden, T. J., Adler, I, Davis, S. S., Skaugrud, Q., and Ilium, L. 1995. Chitosan as a nasal delivery system evaluation of the effect of chitosan on mucociliary clearance rate in the frog palate model. Int. I. Pharm.,122, 69. 

Kublik, H., and Vidgren, M.T. (1998), Nasal delivery systems and their effect on deposition and absorption, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 29,157-177. 

Bjork, E., and Edman, P. (1988), Degradable starch microspheres as a nasal delivery system for insulin, Int. I. Pharm., 47,233-238. 

Ilium, L., Farraj, N. F., Fisher, A. N., Gill, I., Miglietta, M., and Benedetti, L. M. (1994), Hyaluronic acid ester microspheres as a nasal delivery system for insulin, J. Controlled Release, 29,133-141. 

Referring to the key words of nasal delivery systems—reliability, safety, and efficacy— the unit-dose and bi-dose dispensing systems meet these demands to the highest degree. In addition, these attributes are a... 

Aspden, T.J. Mason, J.D. Jones, N.S. Lowe, J. Skaugrud, O. Ilium, L. Chitosan as a nasal delivery system the effect of chitosan solutions on in vitro and in vivo mucociliary transport rates in human turbinates and volunteers. J. Pharm. Sci. 1997, 86 (4), 509-513. 

Microspheres prepared from hyaluronan esters have been evaluated for the vaginal administration of calcitonin in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Microspheres prepared from hyaluronan esters have also been used experimentally as delivery devices for nerve growth factors, and as a nasal delivery system for insulin. ... 

Many other tests could have been included to demonstrate the value of in vitro tests in quality control. Some, such as multistage impingers for aerosols, can be predictive of in vivo behaviour, or at least give an assurance of consistency of effect. An interesting test system for evaluating inhaled nasal delivery systems (Fig. 12.18) combines a physical device with cultured cells so that the interaction of microparticles with living cells can be studied directly. As new delivery systems appear, new tests will be required - as will ingenuity. 

Table 13.3 Examples of commercially available nasal delivery systems. ...

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