Chitosan Based Glycolated Nanoparticles

Glycol chitosan NPs In real-time emd non-invasive optical imaging of tumor in different tumor models [195] 

Photosensitizer loaded and conjugated glycol chitosan NPs For cancer therapy [196] 

Glycoconjugated chitosan stabilized iron oxide NPs As a multifunctioned nanoprobe [197] 

Photosensitizer-encapsulated glycol chitosan-based NPs For enhancing tumor specificity and therapeutic efficacy in tumor-bearing mice [198] 

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Sajeesh, S., Sharma, C.P. Novel pH responsive polymethacrylic acid-chitosan-polyethylene glycol nanoparticles for oral peptide delivery. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Appl. Biomater., 76B, 298, 2006. Sajeesh, S., Sharma C.P. Novel polyelectrolyte complex microparticles based on polymethacrylic acid-polyethylene glycol for oral peptide delivery. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 18,1125, 2007. 

Lee SJ, Park K, Oh YK, Kwon SH, Her S, Kim IS, Choi K, et al. Tumor specificity and therapeutic efficacy of photosensitizer-encapsulated glycol chitosan-based nanoparticles in tumorbearing mice. Biomaterials. 2009 30(15) 2929-39. 

Recently, Lee et al. showed highly efficient PDT with an in vivo tumor model using chitosan-based nanoparticles (Fig. 6) [78]. They prepared self-assembled amphiphilic glycol chitosan-5p-cholanic acid conjugates and encapsulated the hydrophobic photosensitizer, PpIX, with a high dmg-loading efficiency of over... 

Park JH, Kwona S, Nam JO et al (2004) Self-assembled nanoparticles based on glycol chitosan bearing 5h-cholanic acid for RGD peptide delivery. J Control Release 95 579-588... 

Kwon, S. Park, J.H. Chung, H. Kwon, I.C. Jeong, S.Y. Kim, I.S. Physicochemcial characteristics of self-assembled nanoparticles based on glycol chitosan bearing 5beta-cholanic acid. Langmuir 2003, 19, 10,188-10,193. 

Hyung Park J, Kwon S, Lee M (2006). Self-assembled nanoparticles based on glycol chitosan bearing hydrophobic moieties as carriers for doxorubicin In vivo biodistribution and anti-tumor activity. Biomaterials. 27 119-126. 

Physicochemical characterisation was characterised of self-assembled nanoparticles based on glycol chitosan-bearing 5p-cholanic acid and their surfactant activity . Fluorescence spectroscopy and pulsed field gradient NMR (PFG-NMR) revealed information concerning the polydispersity of micelle polymers - chiral polymeric surfactants developed over the past decade for use as chiral selectors in the analytical separation of enantiomers . The authors suggest that polydispersity is a crucial factor in understanding the chiral interactions of these species. 

Lee, H.-Y, Jeong, Y.-L, and Choi, K.-C. (2011). Hair dye-incorporated poly-y-glutamic acid/glycol chitosan nanoparticles based on ion-complex formation, Int.J. Nanomed., 6, 2879-2888. 

However, being a natural polymer, chitosan has aU disadvantages of natural materials mentioned earlier (see Section 11. A). Presently, a lot of other polyplexes based on cationic synthetic polymers have been described in the literature. Among others, we could mention rather new DNA delivery nanoparticles based on poly(2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-co-poly(ethylene glycol) (PDMAEMA) [70,71] and PEGylated polyethylenimine (PEI/DNA) [72]. The last polyplexes have been encapsulated in PLGA microparticles and proposed for mucosal (oral) polyplex-based vaccination of Wistar rats. 

Endocytosis is essential for uptake of macromolecules and nanoparticles. Thereby, the physical and chemical characteristics of the cargo and transporter complex determine the nature of the cell uptake mechanism. Particles larger than 500 nm are typically phagocytosed or macropinocytosed, whereas smaller hydrophilic molecules are internalized by any of the various endocytotic processes [2,8]. Often, nanometersized transporter molecules or particles accomplish cell uptake simultaneously by several endocytotic mechanisms [9]. Clathrin-dependent endocytosis is the most widely understood pathway, which is present in nearly aU mammalian cells. The clathrin pathway is considered the most important uptake mechanism for several polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol)-polylactides, poly(lactide-c )-glycolide) (PLGA), silica-based nanoparticles, and chitosan nanoparticles [8, 10-12]. 

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