Chinese relationships

A chapter on Chinese political identity in Southeast Asia may seem anomalous. Insofar as nationalism was Chinese in Southeast Asia it was fixated on the fate of the Chinese state rather than a local identity. Yet Chinese, like the less numerous but more aggressive Europeans, carried to Southeast Asia a stronger sense of state-centred identity than was common in Southeast Asia, and developed particularly robust forms of supra-local community in market towns all over the region. Once a more balanced gender ratio and regular contact with China enabled them to reproduce that community in Southeast Asia, from the seventeenth century, they became essential outsiders (Chirot and Reid 1997), creating commercial and information networks essential to the birth of many nationalisms. The Chinese relationship to Southeast Asian nationalisms was crucial. 

Zhao IS, Wang B, Dai ZX, Wang XD, Kong LR, Wang LS. 3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship stndy of organophosphate compounds. Chinese Sci Bull 2004 49 240-5. 

SEOW A, SHI C Y, CHUNG F L, JIAO D, HANKIN J H, LEE H P, COETZEE G A and YU M C (1998) Urinary total isothiocyanate (ITC) in a population-based sample of middle-aged and older Chinese in Singapore relationship with dietary total ITC and glutathione S-transferase Ml/Tl/Pl genotypes . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 7 775-81. 

Xing, Q. el al. (2006a). The relationship between the therapeutic response to risperidone and the dopamine D2 receptor polymorphism in Chinese schizophrenia patients. Int. J. Neuropsy-chopharmacol., 10, 631-7. 

Si, T. M., Yang, Q., Liu, Y. et al. (2006). The relationship between the genetic polymorphism ofCYP P450 2C19 and the pharmacokinetics of escitalopram in Chinese volunteers. Chinese Journal of New Drugs, 15(15), 1296-9. 

Yang, C., Zhao, J. P., Liu, B. et al. (2002). Relationships between clozapine steady-state concentration CYP1A2 activity and clinical response in schizophrenic patients. Journal of Chinese Psychiatry, 35(4), 202-5. 

Kamiguchi Y., and K. Mikamo, Dose Response Relationship for Induction of Structural Chromosome Aberrations in Chinese Hamster Oocytes After X-Irradiation, Mutation Research 103 33-37 (1982). 

Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) Wastewater bioreactors (including denitrifying and phosphate-removal system, Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment system, beer wastewater treatment system, fermentative biohydrogen producing system, and sulfate-reduction system) Microbial community structures, diversity and distribution in different wastewater treatment processes, and relationship between the structures and the status of processes [157]... 

Many of the initial biopharmaceuticals approved were simple replacement proteins (e.g. blood factors and human insulin). The ability to alter the amino acid sequence of a protein logically coupled to an increased understanding of the relationship between protein structure and function (Chapters 2 and 3) has facilitated the more recent introduction of several engineered therapeutic proteins (Table 1.3). Thus far, the vast majority of approved recombinant proteins have been produced in the bacterium E. coli, the yeast S. cerevisiae or in animal cell lines (most notably Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells or baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. These production systems are discussed in Chapter 5. 

Chromium has proved effective in counteracting the deleterious effects of cadmium in rats and of vanadium in chickens. High mortality rates and testicular atrophy occurred in rats subjected to an intraperitoneal injection of cadmium salts however, pretreatment with chromium ameliorated these effects (Stacey et al. 1983). The Cr-Cd relationship is not simple. In some cases, cadmium is known to suppress adverse effects induced in Chinese hamster (Cricetus spp.) ovary cells by Cr (Shimada et al. 1998). In southwestern Sweden, there was an 80% decline in chromium burdens in liver of the moose (Alces alces) between 1982 and 1992 from 0.21 to 0.07 mg Cr/kg FW (Frank et al. 1994). During this same period in this locale, moose experienced an unknown disease caused by a secondary copper deficiency due to elevated molybdenum levels as well as chromium deficiency and trace element imbalance (Frank et al. 1994). In chickens (Gallus sp.), 10 mg/kg of dietary chromium counteracted adverse effects on albumin metabolism and egg shell quality induced by 10 mg/kg of vanadium salts (Jensen and Maurice 1980). Additional research on the beneficial aspects of chromium in living resources appears warranted, especially where the organism is subjected to complex mixtures containing chromium and other potentially toxic heavy metals. 

Pal, K. 1984. The relationship between the levels of DNA-hydrocarbon adducts and the formation of sister-chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells treated with derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Mutat. Res. 129 365-372. 

Liu Xia, Liu Shuqing, Tang Zhaohong. 2002. The Relationship Between Cd and Pb Forms and Their Availability to Rape in Major Soils of Hebei Province. Actaecologica Sinica, 22(10), 1688-1694 (in Chinese with English abstract). 

Hsie, A.W., Brimer, P.A., Mitchell, T.J. and Gosslee, D.G. (1975). The dos-response relationship for ethyl methane sulfonate-induced mutation at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphor-ibosyl transferase locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Somatic Cell Genet. 1 247-261. 

TCM is a Cabinet database that attempts to bridge Eastern and Western medicines and their use. The TCM data of molecules come from the book Traditional Chinese Medicines [41] and has two kinds of data. Molecular entries are structures contained in TCM medicinals. Biological entries are the sources of these medicinals (plants, minerals etc.). Many relationships can be discovered within the database on the basis of structure (SMILES) or language (English, Chinese, Latin and Pinyin). 

TCM is loosely coupled with DCM (Dictionary of Chinese Medicine) and PARK (Photo ARKive) and establishes relationships with Planet and WDI. 

The investigation carried out on some Chinese animals used for CNS symptoms similar to those seen in AD resulted in the isolation of long chain fatty acids from the centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans which had weak AChEl activity.A series of fatty acids was tested to discern any structure-activity relationships and it was found that only free acids, not esters, had AChEl activity. The presence of unsaturated bonds and a chain length of not less than 16 C were was necessary for activity. The most active compound tested was linolenic acid (71) with IC50 of 59.9 xM against AChE. 

Jensen, D, and Ramel, C. (1980). Relationship between chemical damage of DNA and mutations in mammalian cells. 1. Dose-response curves for the induction of 6-thioguanine resistant mutants by low doses of monofunctional alkylating agents, x rays and UV radiation in V79 Chinese hamster cells, Mutat. Res. 73,339. 

Thielmann, H.W., Schroder, C.H., O Neill, J.P., Brimer, P.A., and Hsie, A.W. (1979). Relationship between DNA alkylation and specific-locus mutation induced by N-methyl- and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO/HGPRT system), Chem. BioL Interact 26,233. 

The position of Dai Viet, aspiring to (Chinese) civilisation but rejecting the bureaucratic authority of the empire, put this culturalism theory sharply to the test. On the one hand the ideal relationship was set out in one imperial letter to Dai Viet ... 

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