2- ethyl methane sulfonate

Hsie, A.W., Brimer, P.A., Mitchell, T.J. and Gosslee, D.G. (1975). The dos-response relationship for ethyl methane sulfonate-induced mutation at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphor-ibosyl transferase locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Somatic Cell Genet. 1 247-261. 

Ethyl methane-sulfonate Ethyl Selenac Ethyl TfeUurac Ethynodid diacetate ... 

Jacobs, M., Dolferus, R. Van Den Bossche (1988). Isolation and biochemical analysis of ethyl methane sulfonate induced alcohol dehydrogenase null mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynth. Biochemical Genetics 26, 105-12. 

The test can be carried out on cultured cells or on cells from animals treated in vivo. In the former case the test chemical is usually evaluated in the presence and absence of the S-9 activation system from rat liver. Typically cells from a Chinese hamster ovary cell line are incubated in a liquid medium and exposed to several concentration of the test chemical, either with or without the S-9 fraction, for about 2 hours. Positive controls, such as ethyl methane sulfonate (a direct-acting compound) or dimethylni-trosamine (one that requires activation), as well as negative controls are also included. Test concentrations are based on cell toxicity levels determined by prior experiment and are selected in such a way that even at the highest dose excess growth does not occur. At the end of the treatment period the cells are washed, bromodeoxyuridine is added, and the cells are incubated for 24 hours or more. The cells are then fixed, stained with a fluorescent dye, and irradiated with UV light. Second division cells are scored under the microscope for SCEs (Figure 21.7). 

Neutral hydrolysis products of ethyl methane sulfonate. 

It is indispensable for any formal genetic analysis to be able to isolate mutants defective in genes coding for important cellular functions. In addition to the spontaneous mutations mentioned above, as caused by ISH elements, several protocols of induced mutagenesis were introduced. The most efficient method so far is the use of the alkylating agent ethyl methane sulfonate to cause point mutations... 

Induction of mutagenesis by chemicals or radiation treatment is frequently used because it is technically simple and widely applicable to almost any organism [29]. Most chemical mutagens preferentially introduce certain types of mutations such as exchange of specific nucleotides or frame-shifts, but many, including ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS), can also induce deletions of considerable... 

Ethyl carbamate (urethan), another monofunctional alkylating agent, when administered intraperitoneally (100 mg/kg) will not have any noticeable effect on meiotic chromosomes. If the same dose is given to F2 male Armenian hamsters derived from grandsires treated with ethyl methane-sulfonate, totally different results are obtained—1 to 7 days after treatment there are no chromosome anomalies on day 8 the number of bivalents is reduced from 11 to ten and nine. In 80% of the spermatocytes ten bivalents can be encountered, and in about 10% of the spermatocytes nine bivalents are encountered. The reduction in the number of bivalents was due to associations of two and/or three bivalents. 

FIGURE 6, Survival of diploid eggs from females mated to males fed ethyl methane-sulfonate mixed with honey (Smith, unpublished). 

BSA - bovine serum albumin DMS - dimethyl sulfate EMS - ethyl methane sulfonate MMS - methyl methane sulfonate PBS - phosphate buffer saline... 

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