Vaccines children

The public s idea of what is most risky usually differs widely from the facts. Much of this stems from disproportionate media coverage of newsworthy hazards that are rare or unusual. This distorts many people s perspective on the relative magnitude of risks. Thus, some parents may not have their children vaccinated, fearing a rare reaction to the vaccine more than the overwhelmingly greater risk of dying from the disease. 

Fischer TK, Bresee JS, Glass RI (2004), Rotavirus vaccines and the prevention of hospital acquired diarrhea in children, Vaccine 22( Suppl 1) S49—54. 

Osteitis occurred in <0.1-30/100000 vaccinees and has been reported mainly among infants immunized with BCG in the neonatal period in the Scandinavian countries. A retrospective study showed that BCG osteitis was present in Sweden from 1949 onwards. The reported incidence was one per 40000 in children bom between 1960 and 1969 (53,54). In Sweden, the reported incidence of osteitis rose to one per 3000 and one per 4000 for children vaccinated in the neonatal period during 1972-75. Compulsory notification of BCG adverse effects to the Swedish Adverse Dmg Reaction Committee was introduced at that time. 

Herzog C, Metcalfe IC, Schaad UB (2002) Virosome influenza vaccine in children. Vaccine 20(Suppl 5) B24-B28... 

Gruber WC. The role of live influenza vaccines in children. Vaccine 2002 20(suppl 2) S66-73. 

The towns of Leicester and Banbury became key centres of public foment and a demonstration in Leicester in 1885 attracted 20,000 participants, not too surprising given that 4000 local people were awaiting prosecution for failing to have their children vaccinated. 

Currently, some parents are not having their children immunized. The decrease in the incidence of infectious disease in the United States has led to complacency. Other parents who lack health insurance cannot afford to have their children vaccinated. Anyone who remembers the summertime fear of poliomyelitis in the 1940s and 1950s realizes that immunizations are a blessing that should be available to all children. 

Indeed, such devices (and the prevailing US insurance market) could alter the very notion of responsible parenthood. Any parent who elects not to have these devices implanted in her/his young child might be regarded and treated as an irresponsible parent. They would be regarded much as are parents who elect not to have their young children vaccinated... 

Esteghamati A, Gouya MM, Keshtkar AA, Mahoney F. Relationship between occurrence of Guillain-Barr6 syndrome and mass campaign of measles and rubella immunization in Iranian 5-14 years old children. Vaccine 2008 26 5058-61. 

Kutukculer N, Akil T, Egemen A, Kurugbl Z, Ak it S, Ozmen D, Turgan N, Bayindir O, Caglayan S. Adequate immune responses to tetanus toxoid and failure of vitamin A and E supplementation to enhance antibody response in healthy children. Vaccine 2000 18(26) 2979-84. 

Kulkarni PS, Manjunath K, Agarkhedkar S. Safety and immunogenicity of an adjuvanted whole virion, inactivated A (HlNl) 2009 influenza vaccine in young and elderly adults, and children. Vaccine 2012 31(l) 20-2. 

Tseng HF, Sy LS, Liu 1-LA, Qian L, Marcy SM, Weintraub E, et al. PostUcensure surveillance for pre-specified adverse events following the 13-valent pneumococcal corrugate vacdne in children. Vaccine 2013 31(22) 2578-83. 

The National Child Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 was passed by the U.S. Congress in response to reports of vaccine side effects and liability concerns of vaccine manufacturers and health care providers. With vaccine safety being questioned and manufacturers ceasing the development and marketing of vaccines, the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program was instituted to offer a no-fault alternative... 

When an adult or child is receiving a vaccine for immunization, the nurse explains to the patient or a family member the possible reactions that may occur, for example, soreness at the injection site or fever. 

The following summarizes the information to be included when educating the parents of a child receiving a vaccination. 

A 1 -year-old child is brought to the pediatrician s office for a routine 1 -year checkup. The child is healthy and meeting all growth and developmental targets. The child has received all vaccinations to date. The pediatrician discusses with the mother the need for more vaccinations during this visit. 

Which vaccine should the child receive during this visit ... 

What risks are involved with vaccinating this child ... 

Prevention of pertussis in infants less than 12 months of age Adults who have close contact with infants less than 12 months of age, especially parents, grandparents, and child care providers, should receive a single dose of Tdap. An interval of at least 2 years since the last tetanus-containing vaccine was given is suggested, but shorter intervals may be used. Ideally, Tdap should be given 1 month prior to contact with the infant. 

A 7-year-old child with acute leukemia is 1 year post-bone marrow transplantation. The child s clinical course has been uneventful since transplantation and everything is going as expected. The physician discusses with the child s parents the continued need for protection against infections and suggests that the child should receive some vaccinations. 

When should the child begin receiving vaccinations ... 

Many states have developed universal immunization databases to document pediatric and adult vaccination status. This eliminates the problems of lost immunization records if a child changes health care providers. 

This schedule indicates the recommended ages for routine administration of currently licensed childhood vaccines, as of December 1,2006, for children aged 0-6 years. Additional information is available at http //www.cdc.gov/nip/recs/child-schedule.htm. Any dose not administered at the recommended age should be administered at any subsequent visit, when indicated and feasible. Additional vaccines may be licensed and recommended during the year. Licensed combination vaccines may be used whenever any components of the combination are indicated and other components of the vaodne are... 

The table below provides catch-up schedules and minimum intervals between doses for children whose vaccinations have been delayed. A vaccine series does not need to be restarted, regardless of the time that has elapsed between doses. Use the section appropriate for the child s age. 

For infants aged 7 to 11 months who have not been vaccinated, three doses of HbOC, PRP-OMP, and PRP-T should be given two doses, spaced 4 weeks apart, and then a booster dose at age 12 to 15 months (but at least 8 weeks since dose 2). For unvaccinated children aged 12 to 14 months, two doses should be given, with an interval of 2 months between them. In a child older than 15 months, a single dose of any of the four conjugate vaccines is indicated. 

Tetanus immune globulin (TIG) is usually given in a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight. For a child weighing 66 pounds, how much TIG vaccine should be administered ... 

In the early 1960s, drug companies began to lobby for government indemnity for the vaccines they developed, tested, and produced. Because so many people are vaccinated at one time, particularly school-age children, ADRs from a vaccine can carry considerable liability. As more diseases have become vaccine-preventable, more ADRs have been reported. In 1974, impetus for indemnity increased when the courts upheld a jury verdict of 200,000 for a child who developed polio from the Sabin live-polio vaccine. ... 

Figure 3.1 This painting depicts the first cow pox vaccination by Edward Jenner. The child being vaccinated is held down, while his arm is scratched with a needle containing cow pox. On the right is a milk maid who is rewrapping her hand, presumably covering the cow pox pustules from which the vaccination was taken.

Vaccines may have the potential to cause immunotoxicty (10). The immature immune system of the child may be more sensitive to such effects than that of the adult (II). Developmental immunotoxicity may result, for instance, in a persistent immune depression or a skewed balance between the innate and acquired... 

The same phenomenon arises when antibiotics are administered to children with infectious diseases, such as strep throat. Every parent understands that if a child in a congregate setting, such as daycare, is left untreated, others may become sick. The use of an antibiotic in such a setting may not only treat the child, but help break the chain of transmission, thereby reducing the chance that other children will become ill. Thus antibiotics, like vaccinations, can confer public benefits. 

Cherkasova, E. A. et al. 2005. Spread of Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus from a Paralytic Case in An Immunodeficient Child An Insight into the Natural Evolution of Poliovirus. Journal of Virology 79(2) 1062-1070. 

Diabetes mellitus occurred in a 1-year-old child about 4 weeks after smallpox vaccination (1073). 

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